Masters Degrees (Political Studies and Governance)

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Open Access
The impact of structures and processes on intergovernmental processes in the Sol Plaatje Municipality
(University of the Free State, 2020) Ntsenge, Buhle; Coetzee, T.
When the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996) came into operation on 4 of February 1997, it represented the historical culmination of a focused process of constitution-writing which commenced in December 1991. This process came as a result of the initiation of the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA), a national multi-party constellation established to negotiate a transition to inclusive democracy (Venter, 2014: 2). Groups or individuals cannot exist without regulations or laws. Even when these laws are put in place, there is a need to implement and govern them, hence the need for a body or structure that will oversee the adherence to these rules and regulations: a constitution. This constitution is the supreme law of the Republic; law or conduct inconsistent with it is invalid, and the obligations imposed by it must be fulfilled (Ngcukaitobi, Brickhill, & Stein, 2012: 319). Chapter 3 of the Constitution of South Africa sets out the principles of Cooperative Governance; all spheres must observe and adhere to the principles in this chapter and must conduct their activities within the parameters that the chapter provides (Mhone & Edigheji, 2003: 156). Intergovernmental Relations begin to have importance where there is a separation of powers amongst different spheres of government (Ismail, Bayat & Meyer, 1997: 138). South Africa has three spheres of government, namely national, provincial, and local (municipal). National government is then divided into three branches: law-making (legislative authority), the actual operations of governing (executive authority), and the courts (judicial authority). All these structures of government are interdependent and need each other to function and to operate effectively. This practice is known as Intergovernmental Relations. Intergovernmental Relations (IGR) is defined as the processes and institutions through which governments within a political system interact (Phillimore, 2013: 229). These institutions function as interacting networks of institutions at all levels; they are created to enable the various parts of government to form a unified whole, with cooperative governance playing a larger role as it derives mandate from the constituency at regional levels (Phillimore, 2013: 229). Ismail et al (1997: 139) asserts that cooperative governance is a new idea to resolve issues associated with Intergovernmental Relations seeking to address the difficulties pertaining to the coordination of government functions and streamlining of government’s administrative responsibilities (Ismail et al., 1997: 139). The value of Intergovernmental Relations in South Africa is evident with the integration of local government and traditional affairs as the defining element of cooperative governance. cooperative governance alludes to all types of government that adopt political flexibility, negotiation, compromise, and less reliance on the rigid distribution of powers between the three spheres of government (Tau, 2015: 801). The powers and authority of local government with its mandate to regulate its own laws and matters pertaining to its jurisdiction is recognised by the Constitution in South Africa. Section 151 (4) of the South African Constitution states that national and / or provincial government spheres may not compromise or prevent the functions of local government (Ismail et al., 1997: 139). 𝗥𝗘𝗙𝗘𝗥 𝗧𝗢 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗗 𝗗𝗢𝗖𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗙𝗢𝗥 𝗔 𝗙𝗨𝗟𝗟 𝗦𝗨𝗠𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗬! ___________________________________________________________________
Open Access
Quality of governance and economic growth: a case study for Lesotho
(University of the Free State, 2023) Sekese, Teboho Percy; Swanepoel, M. P.
Lesotho has been struggling with the challenges related to poor status of governance and economic growth for the past few decades. A consensus among scholars is that good governance sustains economic growth. Therefore, countries that practice good governance have the potential for stronger economic growth. This research intends to find the relationship between the quality of governance and economic growth in Lesotho in order to recommend good governance practices that could improve the economy of Lesotho in order to better the lives of its citizens. Through a literature review, desktop research and quantitative research methods, the information of the sub-Saharan countries that are applying good governance and have achieved improved economic growth was utilised to develop these recommendations and analyse the official Lesotho government documents. The study findings revealed that the recommendations from the sub-Saharan countries and analysis of Lesotho government official documents, if adopted, can improve the quality of governance and economic growth in Lesotho to improve citizens' lives.
Open Access
Character and role of the state from a governance perspective
(University of the Free State, 2023) Vili, Ongezwa; Graham, Victoria
In 1994, South Africa left behind its unequal and racist past, ushering in a new system of democracy that brought hope for a brighter future for its citizens. This new system was meant to bring and advocate for equality, job opportunities, the eradication of poverty and freedom; however, it seems that many South Africans are still plagued by the same issues they faced in the past. Most citizens are still experiencing poor service delivery in their communities, such as in the townships and rural areas, and unemployment remains a problem, as is corruption (Masiya, Davids & Mangai, 2019). The Finance Minister, Tito Mboweni, stated in his May 2021 Budget Vote debate that 163 municipalities were in financial distress and 40 in financial and service delivery crises. Moreover, 102 municipalities adopted budgets they could not fund. Mboweni concluded, “It is indeed lamentable that the trajectory of municipal performance is unimpressive. Much of the progress made has been eclipsed by the widespread ‘failure’ of many municipalities. Rather than moving communities forward, many municipalities have themselves regressed.” Lastly, Merton (2021) argues that ineffective political leadership, characterised by conflict among council members and undue political intervention in administrative affairs, has hindered the development of a functional municipal sector. One would assume that the local sphere of government would know and ensure the quality of service delivery as it is closest to communities; however, that is not the case in some South African municipalities. This study will begin with a definition of the state, which will help to establish the role and character of the state as it is one of the underlying concepts of this study. Furthermore, this study will define ‘effective government’ to analyse or establish to what degree the South African government has been effective in addressing the issues or challenges faced by its citizens in the new democracy since 1994.
Open Access
Exploring the governance benefits and pitfalls of collaboration between Non-Governmental Organisations in South-Africa
(University of the Free State, 2023) Ngxiya, Siphokazi; Gouws, Ina
This study presents an overview of the state of the non-governmental organisation (NGO) sector in South Africa based on a review of collaboration with governance in available literature. The traces the robust growth of South Africa’s NGO sector from the apartheid period through the post-apartheid era and up to the country’s current status. Understanding why NGOs choose to work with the government is a crucial but frequently ignored issue. Collaboration with NGOs has been associated with an increase in failing states and their inherent inability to address the pitfalls, hence NGOs are left to close the gap. Edwards and Hulme (2013) argue on the differences in organisational structures, culture, forms, work style, and actor incentives are to blame for the mistrust and suspicion. The document highlights the legal framework under which the sector operates; explores philanthropic giving and volunteering patterns; identifies some broad issues the sector is facing including the regulatory framework, governance, transparency and accountability, resource mobilisation and strategic growth; and highlights opportunities for growth. Some similarities in the growth patterns, barriers, and prospects of collaboration between the NGO sectors and the governance of South Africa will also be explored. Collaborations must cross power views, values, resources, norms, and cultural boundaries to be successful, (Abdul-Hade, 2012). Despite the potential and advantages of NGO and government cooperation in developing nations, the factors that influence NGO-government collaboration have received very little attention. This study aims to respond to the question: What are the pitfalls and the benefits of NGOs and governance collaborating?
Open Access
Examining the role of community media in promoting Accountability and good governance in local government: a case study of Chris Hani District Municipality
(University of the Free State, 2024) Gqeba, Samkelo; Monyane, Chetele
This study focused on the role of community media in promoting accountability in local government with specific reference to Chris Hani District Municipality. The lack of accountability and good governance in municipalities is a major contributing factor in the deterioration of governance. Local citizens especially the poor are the most affected, as they rely on government services. An effective accountability and citizen participation ecosystem is an essential factor that give local communities assurance that local governance and resources are used efficiently and not abused. This study investigated whether Chris Hani District Municipality is promoting accountability and good governance using community media outlets. The study utilised a desktop approach data collection method in which existing pre-published information from secondary sources, such as municipal reports, local government legislations, community media legislations, relevant books, academic reports, news articles and statutory reports. The findings of the study revealed that Chris Hani District Municipality is utilising community media to communicate and engage local communities on municipal programmes and activities. The findings also revealed that Chris Hani District Municipality’s Communication and Public Participation Strategy was not effective in achieving its objective of fostering a culture of transparency and accountability and to promote effective access to information. The findings further revealed that the strategy lacks coherence as most of the municipal communication activities were reactive and centred around municipal leadership. The findings have shown that Chris Hani District Municipality’s public participation and communications programmes are not effective as local community citizens regularly embark on service protests to air their frustration on the mismanagement of the municipality. Lastly the study investigated challenges faced by community media in Chris Hani District Municipality in their quest to promote accountability and good governance. It is evident from the literature review that an effective community media can make a meaningful contribution in fostering a culture of good governance to curb corruption and maladministration. However, the study found that Vukani Community Radio Station and The Rep community Newspaper are facing several challenges that hampered their ability to perform their watchdog mandate. The study concluded that community media outlets are a vital tool that can contribute to increase transparency and accountability in decision-making processes and to communicate the principles of good governance in local government. Lastly, several recommendations have been made regarding the enhancement of the role of community media in promoting good governance in local government. They range from reviewing local government legislation, community media capacity building mechanisms and revenue generative methods.
Open Access
Investigating the role, relevance and challenges of traditional authorities in Democratic local governance in South Africa: a case study of Jozini Local Municipality
(University of the Free State, 2023) Mngomezulu, Bonginkosi Ziphathe; Tshishonga, Ndwakhulu Stephen
This study explored the role, relevance, and challenges of traditional authorities in democratic local governance in South Africa including Jozini local municipality. The study used qualitative, exploratory and interpretative approaches. Secondary data collection and analysis was used to establish the basis for the findings. The study emanate from the fact that traditional authorities have existed and transformed from pre-colonial era, colonial and apartheid era, however, in independence and democratic era its role is not clearly defined. Literature explored demonstrated that before colonialism, the institution of traditional leadership was the only governance system practiced by Africans including South Africans. The system of traditional leadership was respected as the bond that bonded communities. Traditional leaders before colonialism performed functions such as allocation of land, protecting the community against attacks, leading warfare, custodians of communal resources and many other governance roles within their tribes and nations. This study demonstrated that traditional leadership wielded power and authority that was unchallenged. However, the position and role of traditional authority in governance transformed drastically during the advent of colonialism and apartheid in South Africa. Colonialism used the strategies of direct and indirect rule to ensure that they manipulate traditional leaders for their gain. During the colonial and apartheid era, traditional leadership was forced to abandon traditional governance and implemented colonial and apartheid legislation. Those traditional authorities that resisted the implementation of colonial and apartheid legislations were dethroned. Fearing to lose their positions, some traditional leaders collaborated and ruled according to foreign power which made them lose trust from their communities. The study established that traditional leadership neither returned to the position it was before colonialism nor transformed for the better. Data and literature on contemporary governance and political discourses reveal that traditional leadership is recognized in the constitution and other pieces of legislation, however, traditional leadership view that recognition as vague and ambiguous because it does not state how they must function in democratic governance, especially local governance. The study further explored the role, relevance, and challenges of traditional authorities in Jozini LM. The study established that traditional leaders and municipality in Jozini has a workable and desirable relationship. In Jozini LM, the study uncovered that 86% of the land is under the ITB, fully controlled by traditional authorities. Government at all levels including Jozini LM rely on traditional leaders for land to develop service delivery infrastructure. The held view is that the land question in Jozini LM has coerced the municipality to work closely with traditional leaders despite legislation that does not fully recognize the role of traditional leaders in municipal governance and service provision. The other view attributed good relations between traditional leadership and the municipality to the fact that the IFP is the controlling party and is known for its position when it comes to the role and inclusion of traditional leadership in governance. The study concluded by recommending legislative reforms and administrative paradigm shift to address the challenges of traditional leadership. The recommendations further proposed primary research that might address most recent questions emanating from this study since this study was secondary research.
Open Access
Assessing e-government readiness in South African municipalities: a case of the Sol Plaatje Municipality
(University of the Free State, 2023) Gaosekwe, Naledi Portia; Gouws, Ina
This dissertation examines the e-Government readiness of the Sol Plaatje Municipality in South Africa, aiming to identify factors facilitating or hindering the implementation of e-Government initiatives. Through a comprehensive review of literature, policy documents, and empirical evidence, the study explores the intricate dynamics of e-Government, considering its potential to enhance public service delivery and governance transparency. The research employs theoretical frameworks such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the United Nations E-Government Development Index (UN-EGDI) to assess the Municipality's readiness for digital transformation. Findings reveal persistent challenges in technological infrastructure, digital literacy, and citizen awareness, particularly highlighting disparities between urban and rural areas. The study proposes recommendations for infrastructure enhancement, digital literacy programmes, comprehensive awareness campaigns, collaboration with telecom providers, and mobile optimization to bridge these gaps. Ultimately, this research underscores the importance of addressing multi-dimensional challenges to foster effective e-Government implementation, offering insights with broader implications for enhancing governance in South Africa and other developing nations.
Open Access
The transformation of diplomacy as an instrument of good governance: higher education internationalisation in South Africa
(University of the Free State, 2023) Bokaba, Danny Thapelo; van Wyk, Jo-Ansie
Diplomacy has played a crucial role throughout history, serving as a tool to advance the interests of the countries it represents, foster international relationships, and pursue advantageous foreign policies. It offers a means to enhance a country's position in the global arena without resorting to the use of force. Diplomatic efforts prioritise peaceful dialogue and constructive discussions to reach agreements and resolve disputes between states (Barston 1997: 84). The concept of diplomacy typically involves diplomatic and political cooperation between countries, often through bilateral agreements, aimed at addressing conflicts and promoting peacemaking efforts (Berridge 2010:1). Traditionally, diplomacy has been seen as a means to resolve conflicts through negotiation, serving as an alternative to resorting to war. In extreme cases where diplomacy fails, war is often the result. Therefore, diplomacy can be viewed as an active practice that combines the art and science of collaboration among states to achieve mutually beneficial outcomes through peaceful negotiations. However, it is important to note that diplomacy can also encompass initiatives that may involve both cooperative measures and coercion, including the use of threats or even force if necessary (Du Plessis 2006:124). Diplomacy and its various activities have been present throughout human history, with some evidence and examples dating back to the 5th century and the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) (Van Langenhove 2016: n.p). Following the conclusion of World War II in 1945, a new era emerged, highlighting the significance of diplomacy in its diverse forms and the member states of the newly formed United Nations (UN) recognised the importance of formal collaboration and cooperation through diplomacy and the utilisation of diplomats to foster a more interconnected global community. During this time, the practice and role of diplomacy were significantly influenced by several intricate and interconnected factors, particularly concerning the functions and positions of states in the international arena. This cooperative approach led to the expansion of bilateral diplomacy, which focuses on relations between two sovereign states or countries and furthere expanded to multilateral diplomacy, involving more than two sovereign states or countries. These diplomatic frameworks became fundamental building blocks for international relations (IR) (Berridge 2005:5). 𝗥𝗘𝗙𝗘𝗥 𝗧𝗢 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗗 𝗗𝗢𝗖𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗙𝗢𝗥 𝗔 𝗙𝗨𝗟𝗟 𝗦𝗨𝗠𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗬!
Open Access
Assessing the level of governance on the intergovernmental relations forums in the Free State
(University of the Free State, 2023) Manoto, Lehlohonolo Webster; Coetzee, Tania
The study focused on assessing the level of governance in the Intergovernmental Relations Forums in the Free State. The study investigated whether the Intergovernmental Relations Policy and Planning was effected in the Free State; determined whether the Intergovernmental Relations Forums in the Free State delivered on their mandate; evaluated whether the Intergovernmental Relations Forums in the Free State monitored, supported and developed interventions to municipalities; evaluated the role of the Intergovernmental Relations Forums in the Free State in the decision making and management of service delivery; gauged whether the Intergovernmental Relations Forums in the Free State contributed towards the development of a national report on Intergovernmental Relations; and assessed Intergovernmental Relations Forums in the Free State’s practice of good governance. A qualitative methodology was employed in the study to describe and understand, rather than explain, human behaviour. The study was conducted using desktop research, documents, articles, journals, the Internet, and observations. The data for this study was sourced from the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996); the Intergovernmental Relations Framework Act 13 (2005); the Practitioner’s Guide to Intergovernmental Relations Systems in South Africa (2012); and the Annual Performance Plans and Annual Reports of government departments and District Municipalities in the Free State. The population for this study was the Premier’s Intergovernmental Forum, the four District Intergovernmental Forums, and the Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality. The information was analysed to draw unbiased inferences and provide honest and accurate analysis, which was consistently good in quality and cogent. Lastly, the study proposed recommendations, which could improve good governance and afford assurance and confidence to the Free State government, policy makers and public officials.
Open Access
Moderne teoretiese benaderings van internasionale verhoudinge
(University of the Free State, 1973) Barnard, Lukas DaniëL; Wessels, F. J. S.
Met die indiening van hierdie verhandeling wil ek bowe-al my dank bring aan God, die Allerhoogste, vir krag en genade aan my gegun in my poging om die Skrif-geloof te laat geld in my wetenskaplike arbeid. Uit Hom, en deur Hom en tot Hom is alle dinge. Aan prof. ar. F.J.H. Wessels, Hoogleraar in Staatsleer aan die Universiteit van die Oranje-Vrystaat, opregte dank vir sy wetenskaplike lei ding, hulp en inspirasie, wat reeds sedert my eerste graadjare rigtinggewend was. Die dank aan · prof. Wessels strek egter veel verder as akademiese hulp en kennis. Ook die vele gesprekke in sy studeerkamer verteen-woordig 'n verryking van die Christelike lewens- en wêreldbeskouing wat altyd 'n kosbare herinnering sal bly. Die toegeweide aandag en heldere·prinsipiele insigte van prof. H.J. Strauss, Hoogleraar in Staatsleer aan die Vrystaatse Universiteit, het van my eerste studiejaar a£ 'n diepgaande invloed op my akademiese vorming uitgeoefen. Die soeke na Christelike beginsels, en ook die uitlenng daarvan op alle lewensterreine, insluitend die Staatsleer, het prof. Strauss by ui tnemendheid by my ingeskerp. Daarom dank ek ook die Vader vir die voorreg om aan die voete van twee Christelike wetenskaplike vakmanne te kon studeer. My opregte dank gaan ook aan my vrou vir haar liefdevolle opo££ering, aanmoediging en behulpsaamheid. sy was 'n bron van inspirasie wat my voortdurend geskraag het.
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Effective integrated development plans in a transforming local government in South Africa
(University of the Free State, 2013) Mdhluli, Begizizwe Ephraim; Hofisi, Costa
The main aim or objective of the study was to provide clarity on why Integrated Development Plans (IOPs) are not effective in a transforming and developing local government in South Africa. This was done through analysing the development and implementation of the IDP itself. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), allows local government to provide services to the people in general. The conceptualisation of the IDPs within municipalities brought about this strategic apparatus, a tool that will help bring a better life and change to the living conditions of the poorest of the poor. The Municipal Systems Act, (Act 32 of 2000) states clearly that each municipal council must adopt a single, inclusive strategic plan for the development of their municipality. It further outlines that this plan must integrate, co-ordinate and take into account proposals from the community and all relevant stakeholders for the development of the municipality. Lastly, it must align the resources and capacity of the municipality with the implementation plan. It is against this background that the study has revealed that planning in municipalities in the Free State (in particular) has drastically advanced, but there is more work to be done. Particular reference is made to Mohokare Local Municipality, where the implementation of the IDP seems to be disadvantaged by a lack of resources, both funding and staff. The study involved qualitative research based on a case study. A research tool that was used during this study was face-to-face interviews with the participants/respondents; these included the Speaker/Mayor of the Council, the Municipal Manager and Managers directly accountable to the Municipal Manager, and few middle managers of the Mohokare Local Municipality. Findings reveal that the role of the IOP as a transformation tool is compromised by a number of challenges. The municipality lacks the capacity required for the development and implementation of the IDP. Although there are individuals within the municipality who have tertiary qualifications, they are incorrectly positioned. The community of Mohokare Local Municipality has indicated through its stakeholders that the municipality also has very serious financial problems and cannot deliver services as required by law. For the municipality to succeed there is a need for the development of the capacity of the municipality and for its community to effectively develop and implement the IDP.
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An intersectional analysis of the systemic discrimination confronting LGBTQ+ individuals in the Middle East: the cases of Iran, Turkey, and Egypt
(University of the Free State, 2023) Bekker, Simone; Solomon, Hussein
𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒉 The road to equality is not straight, and for LGBTQ+ individuals the road holds various intersections of discrimination. Aspects such as identity and gender have directly impacted the level to which individuals are shunned by their families, communities, and social nexus. Although discrimination against LGBTI people undermines the human rights principles outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, discrimination and violence against people in the LGBTI community are all too common. Homophobic, biphobic, and transphobic attitudes remain deeply embedded in many cultures around the world. A significant amount of research on intersectionality concentrates primarily on African American women and other women of colour, and it seems that the research on intersectionality has not sufficiently addressed the lives of Middle Eastern LGBTQ+ individuals. Often, LGBTQ+ individuals are misrepresented by selected states from the region at international forums such as the United Nations General Assembly and Human Right Council. Using claims based on religious and cultural values, selected states undermine the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals, and Arab-speaking and Muslim majority states seem to form a homogenous entity with a uniform view on LGBTQ people. All LGBTQ+ members are assumed to be faced with the same systemic discrimination and to have the same human rights needs and experiences. For this reason, intersections of multiple systems of oppression are not recognised and the interests of some are privileged while the experiences of others are marginalised. To address this gap, this study uses an intersectional framework which notes that the LGBTQ+ community in the Middle East is not a singular entity, and even though conditions differ based on country, gender, and from individual to individual, as a whole, the LGBTQ community in the region has not been granted the “freedoms” linked to Western ideals of homosexual progress, such as open displays of romantic affection, gay marriage, and other superficial indications of acceptance in society. This study analyses differences of experiences of LGBTQ+ individuals within three separate case studies, namely Iran, Turkey, and Egypt. It does so by applying an intersectional lens to recognise the ways in which different social identities produce intersecting systems of privilege or oppression, and how these systems create different lived experiences, and/or common experiences within a social context. This dissertation is a qualitative study which utilises case study methodology to analyse the existing literature related to the topics. Discrimination and violence against LGBTQ+ individuals directly undermine the human rights principles outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The fact that so many instances of such violation continue to go unchallenged is testimony to the deep cultural roots of homophobia, biphobia, and transphobia. ___________________________________________________________________
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Entering the dragon’s den: contemporary risks and opportunities of China’s belt and road initiative for Africa
(University of the Free State, 2023) de Kluiver, Jana; Neethling, Theodor
𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒉 China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), launched in 2013, has emerged as a prominent driver of Sino-African relations, with the potential to significantly impact Africa's economy. This study critically examines the contemporary risks and opportunities of the BRI for Africa, aiming to contribute to the academic discourse on the effects of this initiative in the region. This investigation sheds light on the complex dynamics at play by exploring the potential implications for economic growth, development strategies, and long-term engagements. Through an in-depth analysis of the opportunities offered by the BRI, including infrastructure development, industrialisation, and digital development, as well as an examination of the associated risks related to debt sustainability, security, and dependency, this research provides valuable insights into the BRI's impact on African nations. The findings emphasise the need for African stakeholders and decision-makers to carefully assess the trade-offs between opportunities and risks. Employing a qualitative methodological approach grounded in various international political economy theories, this study offers nuanced analysis and recommendations. Ultimately, this research underscores that while the BRI holds immense potential for Africa, strategic risk management and tailored approaches are essential to maximise the benefits and navigate the challenges in this multifaceted landscape. ___________________________________________________________________
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Investigating good governance and leadership within the Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETAs)
(University of the Free State, 2023) Motsie, Nneo Tsamontle; Swanepoel, M. P.
Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETAs) have been in operation for more than 20 years in South Africa. SETAs were first introduced by the Department of Labour in the year 2000 and they were established according to the Skills Development Act, No. 97 of 1998, of which subsection 9(1) in Chapter 3 states that the relevant minister may establish a SETA with a constitution for any national economic sector. SETAs were formed after the apartheid era because of the gaps and imbalances caused by apartheid. They were established to create jobs and to address the shortage of skilled professionals in South Africa, especially among black people, women, and disadvantaged citizens. The objective of the SETAs is to facilitate training in the different sectors and their mandate is to address skills development needs (Republic of South Africa [RSA] 1998b). Since their establishment, SETAs have attracted negative media attention due to poor governance and leadership (see, for example, Bolin 2003; Mail & Guardian 2003; Robinson 2004). Barclay (2012: 3) states that regardless of their positive contribution to skills development, SETAs continue to be the most criticised entities in the democratic dispensation. The challenges faced by SETAs are ineffective management information systems, poor monitoring and evaluation systems, lack of quality assurance mechanisms, poor governance, high dropout rates of learners registered for learnerships, corruption, theft, dysfunction, poor leadership, and irregular expenditure.Even though SETAs have existed for more than 20 years, little has been done with regard to leadership (the boards and senior management) within the SETAs. There have been continuous management challenges with regard to implementing policies and SETA operating principles. The management of SETAs is known to be ill-equipped to implement regulations and to enforce the law. Some SETAs have been placed under administration because of maladministration and the continuous unethical conduct of their senior management. Most SETAs are poorly managed, which results in fruitless expenditure such as spending billions of rands on administrative functions, with little money going to the training needs of the stakeholders (Rhodes University, 2021).According to Prinsloo (2004: 4), SETAs were created to serve as a solution for the shortage of skills in the country. The Auditor-General of South Africa (AGSA) has been reporting irregular expenditure within the SETAs since 2019, of which most of the irregular expenditure stems from poor governance and leadership. A member of the Parliamentary Committee and representative of the Democratic Alliance stated that “SETAs are corrupt and ineffective organizations” and that “the cycle of dissolving boards and appointing administrators goes on and on within SETAs due to ineffective leadership within the SETAs” (Parliamentary Monitoring Group [PMG] 2020). A member of the Parliamentary Committee and representative of the African National Congress challenged SETA representatives to devise a plan to restore efficiency and effectiveness within the SETAs. He questioned the good governance and management of the SETAs in 2020 during a committee meeting set up by the Department of Higher Education, Science and Innovation (PMG 2020).
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The role and place of citizens in South Africa: a governance perspective
(University of the Free State, 2023) Nyathi, Mandla Comfort; Coetzee, Tania
This research’s focus is on examining the role and place of South African citizens from a governance perspective. The role and place of citizens can be defined as “a process wherein the common amateurs of a community exercise power over decisions related to the general affairs of a community” (Bekker, 1998). The Constitution of South Africa (1996) recognises a citizen as a legal member of the nation who is either born or neutralised in South Africa. Being a citizen means that there are both obligations and responsibilities that must be met, to maintain representative democracy and the proper role of government. An obligation is an action that a citizen is required to fulfil by law, while a responsibility is an action a citizen should take for the sake of the good common. Obligations of citizens include the paying of taxes, obeying laws, defending the nation, registering for elections and responsibilities include voting, attending civic meetings, and petitioning the government (Christopher, 2018:117). The role and place of citizens from a governance perspective is further solidified by the Bill of Rights. Chapter 2 of the Constitution (1996) provides that citizenry have the right to life, equality, freedom of association, political rights, citizenship, housing and parenthood for children. Citizens have the right to vote in which they play a role by participating in the democratic process of choosing people who will represent their interests in the Parliament (Green, 2008:55). According to Santoro and Kumar (2018:199), by choosing their own leaders, citizens are making use of their space in a constitutional democracy to make a positive contribution towards good governance. Green (2008:170) reiterates that voting is a constitutional and democratic process in which the citizens can hold the government to account. Since Members of Parliament (MPs) are chosen representatives, they must be accountable to the South African people and must act in the interest of the public. Christopher (2018:31) indicates that parties are elected based on what they stand for and MPs should be able to explain what they have been doing to execute their duties. Since the mandates of political parties are temporary, MPs are accountable in the sense that they may not be re-elected if they did not represent the public well or they do not deliver on the promises they made. It is vital to keep politicians accountable, as it is key to democracy and good governance. Accountability will compel the state to concentrate on outcomes and to assess and report on performance (Bekker, 1998:64). According to Galvin (2017:78), accountability has three elements, namely financial accountability, political accountability, and administrative accountability. The Institute for Democracy in South Africa considers accountability as a vital part of safeguarding public rights. In Shah’s point of view (2005:35) there are two types of accountability: vertical accountability (to citizens directly through the ballot box) and horizontal accountability (to public institutions of accountability). The institutions of horizontal accountability include the legislature, the judiciary, electoral commissions, auditing agencies, anticorruption bodies, ombudsmen, human rights commissions, and central banks. Institutions of horizontal and vertical accountability are fundamentally interconnected in that horizontal accountability is not likely to exist in the absence of vertical accountability: governments will bind themselves with institutions of horizontal accountability only when they will be punished by citizens for failing to do so. Civil society is believed to be another influential factor in the development of institutions of horizontal accountability (Shah, 2005). If competent governments are thought to be able to control the economy, then economic voting seems eminently sensible and the impact of economic conditions on election outcomes seems to provide powerful evidence of democratic accountability. In addition, if citizens are systematically biased in their perceptions of economic conditions, retrospective accountability will suffer (Achen & Bartels, 2016:147). Contrary to the roles and responsibilities, as mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, citizens demonstrate acts of irresponsibility, which in turn affect governance in general. During the 2021 local government elections, many South Africans voted, not with an X on a ballot paper, but by staying away (Independent Electoral Commission, 2021). This was a decision that was likely to leave a patchwork of coalition-run municipalities across the country that could have a detrimental effect on the future of South Africa’s democracy (Matias, 2016:56).
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Building state capacity in service delivery through public private partnerships: the case of the health sector in Lesotho
(University of the Free State, 2023) Nkopane, Mapheello Juliet; Jankielsohn, Roy
State capacity is mostly measured through the way services are rendered to a country’s citizens. Hence, Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in the health sector have gained popularity and they are seen by many democracies as strategic approaches to managing and governing service delivery to citizens and, therefore, are considered a policy tool for enhancing governance. However, in many developing countries PPPs have not received enough attention; this has aggravated the healthcare systems’ challenges and development. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to emphasise the importance of building state capacity in service delivery through PPPs within the health sector in Lesotho and to provide information on the role of the government in ensuring effective collaborations or interactions between the public sector and the private sector. A descriptive qualitative method was used in this research to investigate, through desktop research of various resources, how the Government of Lesotho could build state capacity through the implementation of PPPs in the health sector. The focus of the study was on the Queen ‘Mamohato Memorial Hospital PPP project. It was found in this study that building state capacity through PPPs in Lesotho’s health sector is in its initial stages and it faces many challenges. This was evident in the recently failed Queen ‘Mamohato Hospital PPP project due to the absence of PPP legislation, public sector capacity, a detailed implementation framework, risk sharing procurement, and many other factors. A well-balanced incorporation of such key factors would be essential for the successful and sustainable implementation of PPPs in the health sector in Lesotho. The study answered the research questions on how state capacity towards service delivery could be enhanced using PPPs within the health sector in Lesotho.
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The impact of the intervention of NGOs and CBOs on Lesotho’s governance
(University of the Free State, 2023) Koali, Seemola Sylvia; Coetzee, Tania
Lesotho is a small, mountainous landlocked country, it is land locked by South Africa. t has a population of almost 2.3 million and nominal gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of $1,045.9 in 2022 (World Bank 2023). Like other African countries in its pursuit to strengthen its democracy and reduce poverty, Lesotho became a member and signatory to several sub-regional, regional, and international convention. These organisations include the Southern African Development Communities (SADC), the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), the United Nations (UN), and the African Union (AU). As mechanisms to help in the fight against poverty and global development, many countries introduced Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Community Based Organisations (CBOs) to their governance (processes/structures?) to fill gaps that the government either cannot or do not wish to fulfill. Loise (2017) notes that NGOs are one of the basic elements of democratic societies. It is incontestable that NGOs and CBOs have come to play a prominent role on the African continent, including Lesotho. They are regarded as one of the mechanisms used in poverty reduction initiatives and programmes. The roots of NGOs and CBOs in Africa are found in the arrival of missionaries on the continent who dispensed charity and engaged in the provision of education and health services (Manji and O’Coill 2007: 568). Matthews and Nqaba (2017: 5) argued that while the history of NGOs could be traced back to the colonial period, it was in the 1980s that they were increasingly recognised as important institutions in the broader development aid sectors in Africa, as well as the rest of the world. Khati (2018: iii) observed that the prevalence of NGOs and CBOs in most developing countries is linked to the availability of foreign aid and a modernisation agenda for developed countries to invest in the development of the Global South countries. Khati (2018) states that, for these reasons, the governments of developing countries have embraced the existence and importance of NGOs in the improvement of the livelihoods of poor people within their regions.
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Constitutional framework for traditional leaders in South Africa
(University of the Free State, 2023) September, Teboho Jeffry; Coetzee, Tania
This conceptual Mini dissertation explores the Constitutional framework for traditional leaders in South Africa, focusing on the delicate balance between cultural heritages and integrating traditional leadership into the modern governance.Traditiional leadership plays a significant role in social, cultural and economic fabric of South African Communities, often serving vital link between the government and local Communities.However,the Constitutional recognition and regulation of traditional leaders have been subject of an ongoing debate. Drawing on comprehensive review of existing literature, legal framework and relevant case studies, this mini dissertation examines the historical context of traditional leadership in South Africa and analyse the complexities surrounding their positions within the Constitutional framework.it explores the tension between customary law, democratic principles and human rights, shedding light on the Constitutional challenges faced in reconciling traditional governance structures with the demand of the modern Constitutional democracy. This main dissertation delve into the key issues such as recognition of traditional leaders authority, their leadership with elected government structure, and extend to which Customary laws should be accommodated within the broader legal system.it also explored the need for accountability,transparency,and inclusivity within traditional leadership institutions, ensuring that they align with democratic values while upholding the cultural heritage and practices cherished by local government communities. The findings of this mini dissertation contributes on the ongoing discourse of the Constitutional recognition and regulations of traditional leadership in South Africa. By critically analysing the intricate dynamics between traditional, modern governance and Constitutional principles. The study will inform policy makers, legal practitioners, scholars and communities on the challenges and potential solutions for establishing a Constitutional framework that respects Cultural heritage while promoting the principles of democracy, human rights and inclusivity.
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South Africa's role in the promotion of democracy and good governance in Africa to drive economic development
(University of the Free State, 2023) Singo, Muthundinne Curtis; Matebesi, Sethulego Zacheus
Good governance has been receiving global attention as studies suggest that its effectiveness equates to developing any member states, prompting countries and governments to align themselves with tenets of good governance to realise economic development. However, though the concept of good governance is widely underscored as a mechanism through which countries can achieve development objectives, the situation in Africa is different. African countries are battling development, which impacts people's socio-economic status. Good governance is failing because of the governance system that breeds political instabilities and democratic deficits; this is even though, as a mechanism, good governance will ensure that the continent scurries towards achieving its regional developmental plans. Thus, a voice of reason must emerge to inspire confidence and lead the developmental trajectories of the continent; hence, since democratisation and reintegration into the global society, South Africa has been involved in developing the continent through the African Agenda.
Open Access
The influence of civil society organisations in the new governance framework of democratic South Africa
(University of the Free State, 2023) Cwaile, Mmoloki Saviour; Coetzee, Tania
The study set out to investigate whether the influence of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) had diminished in the new government framework of democratic South Africa, and if so, what the attributing factors were. This study used a qualitative research approach. The aim of the study was to identify and examine the possible impediments to the effective and positive contribution of CSOs in the new government framework in democratic South Africa. The study investigated whether the role of CSOs had diminished in the new governance framework in democratic South Africa, and how CSOs could be made more effective in the face of all the challenges that undermined their presence and space. This study collected, collated, and analysed the data on the selected CSOs. The research enabled an explanation and description of the identified and the excluded tools and/or mechanisms through which the influence of CSOs could be or was exercised in the context of the new governance framework of democratic South Africa. The findings demonstrated that there was a multiplicity of factors that had contributed to the diminished influence of CSOs. CSOs have however found alternative means, including the use of the courts or litigation, to ensure that their views find expression and that they are able to exercise some form of influence. Based on the findings, recommendations were made, which if considered and implemented, could help to redress and/or mitigate the diminishing influence of CSOs in the post-apartheid era, in the new democratic framework of South Africa.