Law

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Open Access
The Roman law of occupatio
(University of the Free State, 1966) Van der Merwe, Cornelius G.; Van Tonder, S. I. E.
Abstract not available
Open Access
Moderne teoretiese benaderings van international verhoudinge
(University of the Free State, 1973-01) Barnard, Lukas Daniel; Wessels, F. J. H.
Open Access
Die magsfaktor in internasionale verhoudinge
(University of the Free State, 1975-06) Barnard, Lukas Daniel; Wessels, F. J. H.
Open Access
Die rol van registrasie by die oordrag van eiendomsreg in grond
(University of the Free State, 1976) Jooste, J. F.; Van Schalkwyk, J. H.
Abstract not available
Open Access
Die beskerming van kredietwaardigheid in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg
(University of the Free State, 1986-01) Klopper, Hendrik Balsazer; Claasen, J. Y.
Afrikaans: Die probleem wat in hierdie studie hanteer word, is of kredietwaardigheid werklik met die persoonlikheidsregtelike lama van 'n persoon gelykgeskakel kan word en of dit daarmee ooreenstem soos wat tans die siening van die geldende reg is. Leiding moet noodwendig by die kredietgewingspraktyk in die feitelike werklikheid gesoek word omdat dit die taak van die regswetenskap is om verskynsels in die feitelike werklikheid tot regulerende regsreëls te herlei. Die werklikheidsbeskouing van kredietwaardigheid toon merkbare afwyking van die regswerklikheid. Kredietwaardigheid in die feitelike werklikheid word omskryf as die vertroue wat die kredietontvanger (skuldenaar) by die kredietgewer (skuldeiser) verwek in die wil en vermoë om sy finansiële verpligtinge te kan nakom. Die beskouing van die reg van kredietwaardigheid moet dan aan die hand hiervan geskied. Sekere regstelsels verleen direkte erkenning aan kredietwaardigheid en is in pas met die werklikheidsbeskouing van kredietwaardigheid. (Die Duitse, Oostenrykse en tot 'n mate, die Nederlandse reg). Ander regstelsels plooi weer die beginsels van die lasterdelik om beskerming te bewerkstellig terwyl sommiges statutêre beskerming bied (Engeland, Amerika en Kanada). Hierdie wetgewing het ook 'n voorkomende uitwerking. Die Romeinse en Romeins-Hollandse reg erken nie kredietwaardigheid as 'n spesifieke belang nie en ook is daar besliste twyfel of hierdie regstelsels kredietwaardigheid as 'n faset van dié fama geken het. Tog word daar tekste in hierdie regstelsels aangetref wat verwys na die vertrouenselement wat in kredietwaardigheid te vinde is. Die Suid-Afrikaanse reg benader kredietwaardigheid as synde 'n faset van die persoonlikheidsregtelike lama of as sinoniem daarvan en wend die lasteraksie aan om beskerming daarvan te bewerkstellig. Omdat kredietwaardigheid in die werklikheid nie die lama van'rtpersoon is nie, word van die erkende beginsels van die lasteraksie afgewyk om beskerming te bewerkstellig. So word weinig aandag aan die onregmatigheids- en skuldelement gegee en in sommige gevalle word onregmatigheid en skuld (opset) selfs verontagsaam ten einde kredietwaardigheid te beskerm. Kredietwaardigheid verskil in wesensopsigte van fama en hierdie andersheid word beklemtoon deur die feit dat 'n regspersoon wat oor geen persoonlikheidsregtelike fama kan beskik nie, tog kredietwaardig kan wees. Kredietwaardigheid kan nie met die persoonlikheidsregtelike lama gelykgeskakel word nie. So 'n gelykskakeling beteken dat die verlies aan lama ook verlies aan kredietwaardigheid meebring wat nie noodwendig die geval is nie. Hierdie gelykskakeling misken ook een van die grondelemente van kredietwaardigheid, naamlik die vermoë om te kan betaal. Die aantasting van kredietwaardigheid gee in die meeste gevalle aanleiding tot vermoënskade wat 'n aanduiding is van die belang wat betrokke is, naamlik 'n vermoënsbelang. lndien 'n regswetenskaplike nis vir kredietwaardigheid gesoek word, resoneer dit as subjektiewe reg onder die immateriële goedereregte synde 'n geesteskepping van die mens op ekonomiese gebied. Daarby voldoen kredietwaardigheid aan al die vereistes vir 'n subjektiewe reg. Omdat kredietwaardigheid 'n vermoënsreg, te wete 'n immateriële goedereg is, is die beginsels van die actio legis Aquiliae daarop van toepassing wat beteken dat nalatigheid voldoende is om aanspreeklikheid te vestig. Skade weens kredietwaardigheidsaantasting is ook met 'n redelike mate van juistheid berekenbaar. Dit beteken egter nie dat die aantasting van kredietwaardigheid nie tot 'n aksie vir genoegdoening aanleiding kan gee wanneer die benadeelde kan aantoon dat die kredietbenadelende bewering ook sy fama of dignitas aangetas het nie. In so 'n geval moet die sekondêre betekenis van die bewering egter blyk omdat die klassieke inbreukmakingshandeling tegelyk regmatig en onregmatig kan wees. Uit die gelyktydige regmatigheid en onregmatigheid van die inbreukrnakingshandeling ontstaan 'n dilemma omdat die benadeelde nie weet waarom krediet hom geweier word nie. Hierdie verskynsel veroorsaak dat die gemeneregtelike aksies, alhoewel voldoende, nie prakties beskerming kan bied nie. Om hierdie gebrek te verwyder beteken dat wetgewing ter verpligting van die openbaarmaking van inligting met die behoud van die gemeneregtelike aksies en wat terselfdertyd die geldigheid en verspreiding van sulke inligting beheer, noodsaaklik is. Nie alleen sal dit inbreukmakings voorkom en beskerming verhoog nie, maar sal dit ook die geleentheid bied om inbreukmakings op privaatheid weens die versameling en verspreiding van kredietinligting te beheer.
Open Access
Ontslag van maatskappydirekteure in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg
(University of the Free State, 1986-01) Du Plessis, Jean Jacques; Henning, J. J.
Afrikaans: Daar bestaan heelwat onsekerhede aangaande die ontslag van maatskappydirekteure in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg. Hierdie onsekerhede spruit hoofsaaklik voort uit die gebrek aan 'n konsekwente onderskeid tussen die verskillende hoedanighede waarin 'n enkele persoon teenoor die maatskappy kan staan en dié waarin hy kan staan teenoor ander individue wat by die intrakorporatiewe verhoudingstruktuur betrokke is. 'n Faktor wat gewis 'n verdere verwarrende invloed het, is die feit dat daar aan 'n begrip soos "besturende direkteur" tans geen vaste regsinhoud gekoppel kan word nie. Juis daarom word die regsposisie van die direkteur en besturende direkteur in die besonder oorweeg en word daar gewys op aspekte soos die begripsverwarring tussen die Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse reg, probleme ten opsigte van die onderskeid tussen werknemerskap, direkteurskap en besturende direkteurskap, en word die nie-kontraktuele verhouding tussen die direkteur en die maatskappyook oorweeg. As gevolg van ontslag kan daar in sekere gevalle 'n reg op skadeloosstelling of skadevergoeding bestaan. Alhoewel die grondslag van die reg op skadevergoeding nie al tyd konsekwent verklaar word nie, kan die aanwending van gewone kontraktuele beginsels 'n belangrike rol speel in die oplossing van bestaande probleme rondom die reg op skadevergoeding. Indien kontraktuele beginsels suiwer toegepas word en die besondere posisie waarin die direkteur hom bevind, in ag geneem word is daar geen klaarblyklike rede waarom die ontwikkeling op hierdie gebied nie op 'n behoorlike beginselgrondslag geplaas kan word nie. Faktore wat egter ongetwyfeld in samehang met die kontraktuele oorwegings beskou moet word, is onder andere dat ontslag ingevolge bepalings in die maatskappykonstitusie of ingevolge die statutêre middel kan geskied, dat die reg op skadevergoeding die direkteur in bepaalde gevalle ontneem kan word en dat daar besondere oorwegings ter sprake kan kom in die geval van die besturende direkteur met 'n dienskontrak. Alhoewel die ontslag van direkteure 'n aangeleentheid is wat volledig in die maatskappykonstitusie gereël kan word, is 'n statutêre middel steeds nodig om die lede in die finale instansie beheer te gee oor die bestuur van die maatskappy. Enige statutêre middel wat die beskerming van die lede as oogmerk het en wat hierdie oogmerk wil bereik deur voorsiening daarvoor te maak dat 'n direkteur wat nie meer die belange van die maatskappy (en daarmee saam ook nie die belange van die lede nie) op die hart dra nie, ontslaanbaar moet wees, moet vir 'n verskeidenheid van gevalle voorsiening maak. Die huidige statutêre middel wat ontslag van maatskappydirekteure in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg reël (art 220 van die Maatskappywet 61 van 1973), voldoen wel aan sommige van die vereistes wat nodig is om gevolg aan die ware oogmerk van so 'n middel te gee. Daar bestaan egter ook heelwat leemtes wat vandag gebruik word en ook somtyds misbruik word om direkteure onontslaanbaar te maak. Hierdie gevalle het hoofsaaklik betrekking op ooreenkomste tussen die maatskappy en 'n derde, die feit dat langtermynkontrakte van direkteure nie noodwendig deur die algemene vergadering goedgekeur hoef te word nie en dat daar geen duidelikheid in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg bestaan oor die vraag of 'n belading van stemme wat net by ontslag-besluite ter sprake kom, geldig is nie. Gevolglik word wetswysigings voorgestelom hierdie leemtes uit die weg te ruim. Selfs al word die voorgestelde wetswysiging deurgevoer, sal gevalle van ex lege-beskerming teen ontslag steeds behoue bly (onder andere deur die ontslagprosedure soos vervat in die statutêre reëling en deur die feit dat die te ontslane direkteur die maatskappy met likwidasie ingevolge art 344(h) van die Wet kan dreig). Daar sal ook steeds maatreëls bestaan waardeur ontslag voorkom kan word (onder andere deur die aangaan van stemooreenkomste). Die ex lege-beskerming teen ontslag en maatreëls ter voorkoming van ontslag wat dan nog bestaan, sal egter ongetwyfeld wettig en geregverdig wees.
Open Access
Gesamentlike en afsonderlike aanspreeklikheid as 'n statutere sanksie in die maatskappyereg en die beslote korporasiereg
(University of the Free State, 1989-10) De Koker, Louis; Henning, J. J.
Abstract not available
Open Access
The legal liability of hospitals
(University of the Free State, 1997) Retief, Maresa Cronje; Verschoor, T.
This thesis presents an international legal comparative perspective on hospital liability law. The legal systems that are expounded on this subject are: the English law, the Australian law, the Canadian law, the law of the USA and the South African law. The health care systems of various countries are inspected. The hospital is researched in various contexts, and its historical development is researched. The health care system and hospital (setting) of the relevant legal systems are briefly discussed. It is apparent that every legal system that is discussed, has its own unique set of legal principles, legal doctrines and/or legal grounds which are implemented to establish hospital liability. No legal system acknowledges the same legal grounds nor follows the same approach towards hospital liability. The English hospital liability law acknowledges the following legal grounds: (i) Vicarious or indirect hospital liability; (ii) Direct hospital liability; (iii) Hospital liability in terms of the non-delegable duty. The English law is still setting the pace for most other countries. The Canadian law either acknowledges or implements the following legal grounds: (i) Vicarious hospital liability; (ii) Direct hospital liability; (iii) Breach of contract; (iv) The doctrine of ostensible agency is only recommended as a legal ground on which to found hospital liability, at this stage, but is not implemented by courts yet; (v) The non-delegable duty: The existence of this duty had been discussed but has not yet been implemented as an independent legal ground on which to found hospital liability. The Ontario Court of Appeal in Canada has held in Yepremian, that a hospital in Canada does not undertake a non-delegable duty to a patient, whether he presents himself at the hospital or not. On the other hand, there is also a tendency in Canadian hospital liability law, to call the direct duties of the hospital - in terms of its direct or corporate liability - non-delegable duties. The Australian hospital liability law has implemented: (i) Vicarious hospital liability; (ii) The non-delegable duty as an independent legal ground which founds hospital liability. However, the non-delegable duty has by such status as founding hospital liability, been referred to as direct liability. There is, however, no indepth discussion of any case law founded on direct liability as an independent legal ground based on fault in the Australian law, id est in the sense of the employer or institution's direct fault-based liability founded on the breach of its direct duty which induces direct negligence resulting in harm or injury. Most Australian decisions on hospital liability have been founded on the nondelegable duty. Australian courts have accepted that a hospital may undertake a non-delegable duty (of providing medical care) to its patients. The existence of the non-delegable duty has been accepted in various circumstances, although there is still a difference of opinion as to when the non-delegable duty exactly may arise. Hospital liability law in the USA has by far, presented the most developed and widest variety of legal grounds on which to found hospital liability. They acknowledge and implement: (i) Vicarious hospital liability; (ii) The doctrines of apparent agency and agency by estoppel; (iii) The direct or corporate liability of a hospital; (iv) Hospital liability in terms of the non-delegable duty. It is, however, unfortunate that some authors and some courts confuse the different independent legal grounds. Due to a lack of a scientific and a disciplined approach, concepts and requirements of distinct or specific legal grounds are not respected and kept apart, but confused. The South African hospital liability law only implements two legal grounds: (i) Vicarious hospital liability; and (ii) Breach of contract. Development of this area of the law is highly recommended.
Open Access
Simplification of the South African criminal trial process: a psycholinguistic approach
(University of the Free State, 1998-11) Erasmus, Deon; Verschoor, T
English:In this research the validity of the following two hypotheses are tested within the broad framework of the right of an accused person to a fair trial, as embodied in section 35 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996: .. The criminal trial process is a communicative process in essence which aims at ensuring a fair trial for undefended accused persons; and • Ineffective communication takes place during the criminal trial process. The concept of a fair trial is discussed within a jurisprudential and communicative framework. In order for the criminal trial process to comply with the constitutional requirement of a fair trial the process itself has to be fair. The aim of the criminal trial process is thus to ensure a fair trial. However, in order to be fair, the process must be intelligible and accessible to all participants, especially in the case of undefended accused persons. It is pointed out that the criminal trial process is indeed a communicative process and that various factors impact negatively on communication."Distorted" communication is one of the factors leading to an undefended accused not receiving a fair trial. The criminal trial process is identified as a primarily oral process. Procedural explanations given to accused persons during the process are identified and the content of these procedural explanations is ascertained within the framework of case law and legal literature. These procedural explanations are indeed instances of communication between the presiding officer and the undefended accused. It is accordingly submitted that the first hypothesis is supported by both the positive law and communication theories. In order to test the validity of the second hypothesis, a field study was undertaken, employing a qualitative research methodology. Ten sample cases were identified and attended at court 30, Gelvandale Magistrate's Court, Port Elizabeth. The undefended accused persons in those cases were chosen as subjects of the empirical research. The purpose of the field study was to determine the level of intelligibility of procedural explanations afforded to the subjects by the presiding officer. In order to evaluate the information gathered during the field research, a norm to test the intelligibility of the procedural explanations had to be adopted. After evaluating available norms, the psycholinguistic approach of the Charrows was adopted. The performance of the subjects who took part in the field study was evaluated. It became evident that the subjects who took part in the field study, on average, understood only 37% of the procedural explanations afforded to them by the presiding officer. It is accordingly submitted that highly ineffective communication took place during the field research and the second hypothesis is supported by the results of the field study. The low level of intelligibility of the procedural explanations may have the result that on average, the undefended accused persons who took part in the research project did not receive a fair trail. Suggested instances of remedial action are accordingly advanced. It is suggested inter alia that legal aid should be afforded to undefended accused persons on a much larger scale and that a multi-disciplinary task team be appointed to re-address the position of the undefended accused.
Open Access
The protection of minority shareholders in affected transactions: a comparative study
(University of the Free State, 2000-11) Du Toit, Sandra; Henning, J. J.
Open Access
Legal evaluation of affirmative action in South Africa
(Faculty of Law, University of the Free State, 2001) Pretorius, J. L.
English: With its equality jurisprudence only in its infancy stage, affirmative action will provide a difficult challenge to the Constitutional Court. Employment equity and affirmative action, like other projects of social transformation translated into law, need to be balanced with individual and collective needs of security, continuity and national integration. The specific challenge facing the court will be to integrate its approach to affirmative action with its endorsement of the notion of substantive equality and the normative standards it has developed for the determination of unfair discrimination. It is submitted that the latter do provide at least a rudimentary focus, which is sensitive and open-ended enough to accommodate the complex array of competing interests at stake in affirmative action disputes. In this article, the implications of the court's equality approach for affirmative action are considered, with reference to some pertinent issues, such as the applicable standard for the constitutional review of affirmative action, and the fairness and proportionality of affirmative action measures (including the problem of the over- or underinclusiveness of affirmative action). The present state of South African case law on the subject is considered, with comparative references to approaches adopted in other jurisdictions.
Open Access
Die multilaterale beleggingsooreenkoms (MAI): 'n kruispad vir internasionale beleggingsregulering?: kroniek
(Faculty of Law, University of the Free State, 2001) Wandrag, R.; Snyman, E.
Abstract not available
Open Access
Is 'n prokureur geregtig op die koste van geregtelike stappe teen 'n voormalige kliënt?: kronieke
(Faculty of Law, University of the Free State, 2001) Bobbert, M. C. J.
Abstract not available
Open Access
Die Wet op Getuiebeskerming 112 van 1998: enkele aspekte oor die praktiese werking daarvan
(Faculty of Law, University of the Free State, 2001) Kruger, H. B.; Oosthuizen, H.
English: To combat crime and especially serious crime by gangs, racketeers, syndicates and druglords, witnesses who are willing to testify against these criminals, must be protected efficiently. To address this problem the South African legislature amended the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 and enacted the Witness Protection Act 112 of 1998 to create a witness protection program. This program aims at protecting witnesses whose lives are endangered because of their willingness to give evidence in criminal court cases and other specified proceedings. Certain aspects concerning the practical functioning of the Witness Protection Act 112 of 1998 are discussed as well as the obstacles encountered and the positive contribution of the Act.
Open Access
Voorwoord
(Faculty of Law, University of the Free State, 2001) Henning, J.
Abstract not available
Open Access
Artikel 6 van die Wet op Binnekennistransaksies - 'n groepsgeding of aksie in die openbare belang vir die regulering van binnekennistransaksies?
(Faculty of Law, University of the Free State, 2001) Henning, Johan; De Bruin, Jaco
English: The Constitution introduced the concept of a class action in the South African legal system in 1993. The Constitution however limited the use of class actions to rights enshrined in the Constitution. The constitutional class action was followed by a proposal by the South African Law Commission for general legislation on class actions and actions in public interest. The Panel for Security Regulation commented on the discussion paper advocating the use of similar legislation in the fight against insider trading. The King Commission again raised the concept of a derivative action in the fight against insider trading resulting in section 6 of the Insider Trading Act. This action shares some of the characteristics of the class action and action in public interest and sets the way forward for the use of this type of legislation in the commercial world.
Open Access
Calvyn die juris: kroniek
(Faculty of Law, University of the Free State, 2001) Wessels, H. A.; De Bruin, J. H.
Abstract not available
Open Access
Wat is die betekenis van boerdery vir inkomstebelastingdoeleindes?
(Faculty of Law, University of the Free State, 2001) Bobbert, M. C. J.
English: The question is frequently asked whether certain activities by a taxpayer may be regarded as farming for income tax purposes. If so, certain farming expenses will be allowed as deductions in terms of the First Schedule to the Act which otherwise would not have been the case. Having indicated how the taxable income of a taxpayer is calculated, the definition of a trade is referred to. The meaning of farming is not defined, but in s 26 reference is made to pastoral, agricultural and other farming operations. There are certain sections in the Act, paragraphs in the First Schedule to the Act and practice notes which refer to certain types of farming activities. Reference is also made to the interpretation of farming by our courts (High and Special Courts) and the findings of the Special Boards. The viewpoints of several authors are also discussed. Additional examples of farming activities are given and the standard bona fide farming questionnaire by the SAIS is examined. The exigency of a feasibility study is emphasised to determine the viability of a proposed farming project. The following two-pronged test is advocated (i) did the taxpayer genuinely intend to farm and (ii) did he have a reasonable prospect of making a profit from the farming activities in the foreseeable future?
Open Access
Plea-bargaining in South Africa: the need for a formalised trial run: chronicles
(Faculty of Law, University of the Free State, 2001) Du Toit, S.; Snyman, E.
Abstract not available
Open Access
The impact of the Constitution on the South African criminal law sphere
(Faculty of Law, University of the Free State, 2001) Kruger, H. B.
English: In this article the extent of the impact of the new constitutional dispensation on the South African criminal law sphere is discussed. The influence of the Constitution on certain criminal offences, sentencing, justifiable homicide and specific presumptions are focussed on.