Mercantile Law
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Browsing Mercantile Law by Advisor "Snyman-Van Deventer, E."
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Item Open Access An analysis of the codes of good practice issued in terms of the Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment Act 53 of 2003(University of the Free State, 2006-11) Knoetze, Hyla Magdalena; Snyman-Van Deventer, E.; Conradie, M.English: BBBBBEE170 is an essential ingredient in facilitating the meaningful participation of blacks at all levels of the South African economy, in order to ensure sustainable socio-political and economic stability and the sustainability of the economic growth and development. BBBEE key principles • It is an ongoing process and not an event • It is a business imperative and an integral component of the company’s business strategy and is based on the core values of the organization • • It must result in meaningful and significant participation of blacks in the company and in the broader economy, through substantial changes in the racial composition of ownership, control, management structures and of skilled and specialist positions • It must lead to advantaged strategic position for the company, greater profitability, business growth and sustainable increase in stakeholder value • it is the responsibility of all management in the organisation.Item Open Access A business rescue model for unincorporated business entities in South Africa(University of the Free State, 2022) Mpofu, Kudzai; Moolman, H. J.; Snyman-Van Deventer, E.The significance of small and medium enterprises in promoting economic growth has received sufficient academic and legislative attention. However, little attention has been paid towards promoting and promulgating legislation that oversees the recovery of small enterprises in financial distress. The study compares business rescue schemes applicable to sole proprietorships and partnerships to draw lessons for the legislature and policymakers in South Africa. The current legislation on business rescue and debt review intentionally exclude sole proprietorships and partnerships mainly because of their legal personality. The Companies Act of 2008 only admits incorporated companies to business rescue. Furthermore, the National Credit Act 2005 excludes partnerships from debt review because the legislature classified them as juristic persons. For this reason, sole proprietorships and partnerships in financial distress cannot depend on the current legislation to facilitate restructuring proceedings. Therefore, the study identifies the key elements of an effective business rescue scheme which may apply to unincorporated business entities. Through a comparative assessment of different rescue regimes, it was concluded that an efficient rescue scheme must consist of an eligibility criterion, a procedural framework consisting of a step-by-step rescue process and an institutional framework with already pre-determined role players. The main conclusions from the study are that the eligibility criterion must only admit business debtors to the business rescue process. On that note, it was observed that it would be necessary to regulate the liability of sole proprietorships and partnerships during the rescue process. This may be achieved by recognising them (sole proprietorships and partnerships) as legal persons for purposes of business rescue. The study shows that the step-by-step procedure should include a commencement procedure that allows owners of sole proprietorships and partners in a partnership to apply for business rescue. As soon as the procedure commences, a moratorium on creditors' rights must be automatically activated. The stay should protect the business, the owners, and the codebtors. While the moratorium is the operation, the business rescue practitioner must prepare a business rescue plan that includes the treatment of secured and unsecured creditors. More so, consideration must be made on the possibility of selling parts of the business, merging the business with other successful businesses or incorporating the business. The study revealed that it may be necessary for the legislature to allow the debtor to continue borrowing during the business rescue process. However, the rescue process is terminated if the business rescue plan is fully implemented or the debtor faces unforeseen economic hardships. The effect of termination is that the debtor is discharged. The study indicates that the institutional structure should include the debtor, the business rescue practitioner and a specialised judge. The success of business rescue depends on the honesty and cooperation of the debtor. It was concluded that to reduce the cost of business, rescue the debtor may remain in control of its business but must be monitored regularly by appointing a state-sponsored business rescue practitioner who reports to the creditors. In the event that the creditors have reason to mistrust the debtor's honesty, they may choose to appoint and pay for a private business rescue practitioner jointly. In that case, the debtor must cooperate with the business rescue practitioner who oversees or monitors the rescue process. The business rescue practitioner must regularly report to the creditors and the court about the success or failures of the debtor. Since business rescue involves different areas of study, including business, law and financing, it was concluded that South Africa might need a specialised court system. Establishing an administrative institution akin to the Office of the official receiver would also be necessary to oversee the rescue process. Such an institution may be subsidised by the state to reduce the cost of business rescue. Generally, most of the observations made during the study were included in the recommendation to the legislature.Item Open Access Corporate governance and corporate collapse: the failure of Steinhoff(University of the Free State, 2023) De Kock, Hyla Magdalena; Snyman-Van Deventer, E.This research will evaluate the corporate governance practices of Steinhoff International Holdings N.V. from December 2017, when the scandal started, until 30 April 2023. The assessment contains several newspaper articles that reflected the timeline of the events as they unfolded. The annual reports of Steinhoff are the most important documents that were produced by the company reflecting the corporate governance policy and practices during a specific financial year. The research aims to examine the role of corporate governance measures in South African company law to prevent future corporate collapses. The failure of Steinhoff International N.V.¹ ("Steinhoff") will serve as a case study to indicate the success or failure of corporate governance measures in South Africa. This study investigates corporate governance and the board of directors’ responsibilities in South African companies with specific reference to Steinhoff to investigate whether the directors of Steinhoff fulfilled these responsibilities. Therefore, the thesis's primary objective is to investigate and evaluate corporate governance measures and interventions in order to determine why the measures do not prevent corporate collapses. Secondly, the thesis aims to evaluate legislation and other measures in South Africa, Germany, Australia and the United States of America to make recommendations for preventing future corporate catastrophes. The global corporate governance failures were severe. It seems as if fraud and corruption may be the major sources of these corporate collapses. In most instances, there is either the active involvement of the directors and managers in these fraudulent or corrupt practices, or there is either a negligent or even intentional failure to act by directors to prevent these activities. The study shows that the prevention of corporate failure remains a complex endeavour. Legislation, codes of conduct, structures, and processes cannot resolve all problems on their own. The ethical and responsible behaviour of company directors, managers, and officers is crucial. Regardless of the outcome of any legal proceedings, the collapse of Steinhoff demonstrates the crucial role of the companies’ board, company secretary, auditors, directors, shareholders, and other stakeholders in assuring compliance with all applicable legislation and it operates with integrity and transparency. I believe that, similar to Enron, Steinhoff will become the new benchmark for corporate governance failures.Item Open Access 'n Regsvergelykende analise van geregtelike bestuur en ondernemingsredding ingevolge relevante maatskappywetgewing(University of the Free State, 2012-01) Jacobs, Lézelle Marianné; Snyman-Van Deventer, E.; Burdette, D.English: In the current economic climate, where more and more companies find themselves under financial strain, an effective business rescue system is essential. A system is needed which affords the company an opportunity to once again become a successful concern and carry on business on solvent grounds. South Africa's business rescue provisions is contained in the Companies Act 71 of 2008 and is known as business rescue proceedings. These proceedings replace the previous rescue model, judicial management, contained in the 1973 Companies Act. Judicial management was largely unsuccessful as a rescue model. This is mainly due to factors such as the fact that judicial management was to a great extent dependant on court proceedings, that the court turned it into an extraordinary remedy and the that liquidators were appointed as judicial managers. The new business rescue system notes various improvements to its predecessor and indicates the development of a true rescue culture in South African law. Some of these improvements are: the court acts more in a supervisory capacity than before, the system is more easily available and more accessible to companies undergoing financial difficulties and the business rescue practitioner should have experience in turnaround practice according to the new Act. A few problematic aspects could, however be noted. If rectified it could provide all interested parties with a valuable remedy. The true efficacy and success of the new business rescue proceedings would only be determinable after being tried and the possible practical shortcomings have been identified and corrected.Item Open Access 'n Regsvergelykende studie aangaande die leerstuk lig van die korporatiewe sluier(University of the Free State, 2013-02) Keuler, Anel; Snyman-Van Deventer, E.English: Lifting of the corporate veil as an exception to the rule of limited liability surely is one of the most litigated issues in corporate law worldwide. The reason being the lack in predictability and sturdy rules that can be used as guidelines when setting aside the corporate veil. The common approach of courts is to determine each case on its own merits which left the doctrine of lifting the corporate veil enveloped in the mist of metaphor, unpredictable and vague. As an answer to the need for sturdy guidelines section 20(9) was implemented in die 2008 Companies Act stating that the separateness of a legal person can be set aside if an unconscionable misuse of the corporate personality has taken place. Section 20(9) however does not state what exactly will be deemed as an unconscionable misuse. The interpretation of unconscionable misuse is there for left to the courts discretion. The aim of this study is to find answers to this vagueness and uncertainty by identifying possible grounds or guidelines for lifting of the corporate veil. During this comparative study attention is also given to the legal state of matters regarding lifting of the corporate veil in Australia, the United States of America and Canada to identify useful guidelines and principles which will assist the South-African courts in setting aside the corporate veil. The Australians considers the proceeding of business under insolvent circumstances as a statutory ground for lifting the veil. The American courts also show support for fraud as a ground for lifting the corporate veil. A solid Canadian ground for lifting the corporate veil is in the family context where one party would unjustly suffer a loss if the other parties company is treated as a separate entity. The Canadians also considers tax evasion and not adding the suffix “Ltd” to the company name as grounds for lifting the corporate veil. These mentioned grounds for lifting the corporate veil can surely be adopted by the South-African courts as part of a sturdy set of guidelines.