Bethulie 1896-1907, met spesifieke verwysing na die Anglo-Boereoorlog

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Date
2019-11
Authors
Van Zyl, Jan Johannes Rudolph
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University of the Free State
Abstract
This study, entitled Bethulie 1896-1907, with specific reference to the Anglo-Boer War, aims to investigate, reconstruct, and evaluate the impact and consequences of the Anglo-Boer War on a Free State town and district, in this case Bethulie. Due to the fact that the study focuses on a particular geographical area and community, the study contains a very strong genealogical and social history foundation. Research on Bethulie during the Anglo-Boer War is often dominated by information about the Bethulie concentration camp, specifically because of the inhumane conditions that prevailed in the camp and the resulting high death rate. For the purposes of this study, however, the focus is more on Bethulie as a strategic town and the impact that the AngloBoer War had on the inhabitants, their families and their living conditions, as well as on the Bethulie district. Bethulie was considered a strategic town in the sense that the main railway line from East London to Bloemfontein crossed the railway bridge over the Orange River near the town. In order to understand the impact of the war on the community, the date of departure was decided on as 1896 (the Jameson Raid). The first chapter provides an overview of the Bethulie district, which includes topography, geology, climate, infrastructure, residents and economic prosperity. The study further focuses on the process of the war, with specific reference to the role of the Bethulie commando, as well as the British invasion of the Southern Free State, the scorched-earth policy and the eventual origin of the Bethulie concentration camp. These aspects are presented in more detail as follows: The Bethulie commando: Emphasis is placed on the strength of this commando; preparations and call-up for military service; invasion of the Northeast Cape Colony; the various battles that this military unit took part in; with most of this commando being taken prisoner of war in the Brandwater Basin in July 1900; guerrilla actions in the district; and the peace agreement on 31 May 1902. British involvement: British involvement at Bethulie begins with an exploration by Major E.A. Altham of the Bethulie environment before the war, which was published in a later British intelligence report; Major-General William Gatacre and the battle at Stormberg in December 1899 with, inter alia, the Bethulie commando; the British advance to Bethulie and Bethulie 1896-1907, met spesifieke verwysing na die Anglo-Boereoorlog the battle in March 1900 at the Bethulie bridges; skirmishes in the Bethulie district; the erection of the Bethulie–Springfontein blockhouse line; the operations of the Bethulie Town Guard; and the British administration in the district. The Bethulie concentration camp: The origins; housing; rations; medical care; British officials; medical staff; illnesses; deaths; spiritual care of those who lived in the camp by the church; education; the camp orphanage; as well as hands-uppers and joiners, receive attention. The penultimate chapter focuses on the rebuilding of the town and its community after the devastating war and includes aspects such as resettlement of the inhabitants on their farms; post-war compensation; the Kransdraai labour colony; various other social challenges; as well as the prominent role of the church in building a post-war Bethulie community. The chapter concludes with the first election in 1907, after self-government was granted to the Orange River Colony in 1906. The final chapter is an overall evaluation.
Afrikaans: Hierdie studie, getiteld Bethulie 1896-1907, met spesifieke verwysing na die AngloBoereoorlog, het ten doel om die impak en gevolge van die Anglo-Boereoorlog op ʼn Vrystaatse dorp en distrik, in hierdie geval Bethulie, te ondersoek, te rekonstrueer en te evalueer. Omrede die studie op ʼn bepaalde geografiese gebied en sy gemeenskap fokus, bevat dit derhalwe ʼn baie sterk genealogiese en sosiale geskiedenis-onderbou. Navorsing oor Bethulie tydens die Anglo-Boereoorlog word dikwels oorheers deur inligting oor die Bethulie-konsentrasiekamp, juis vanweë die onmenslike omstandighede wat in die kamp geheers het en die uitsonderlike groot aantal sterftes. Vir doeleindes van hierdie studie word egter meer gefokus op Bethulie as strategiese dorp en die impak wat die AngloBoereoorlog op die inwoners, hul gesinne en lewensomstandighede asook op die Bethuliedistrik gehad het. Bethulie is as ʼn strategiese dorp beskou, in dié sin dat die hoofspoorlyn vanaf Oos-Londen na Bloemfontein oor ʼn spoorbrug oor die Oranjerivier digby die dorp geloop het. Om die impak van die oorlog op die gemeenskap te verstaan, is op 1896 (die Jameson-inval) as vertrekdatum besluit. In die eerste hoofstuk word ʼn oorsig van die Bethulie-distrik verskaf, wat die topografie, geologie, klimaat, infrastruktuur, inwoners en ekonomiese welvaart insluit. Die studie behels verder die krygsverloop, met spesifieke verwysing na die rol van die Bethulie-kommando, asook die Britse inval in die Suid-Vrystaat, die verskroeideaardebeleid en die uiteindelike ontstaan van die Bethulie-konsentrasiekamp. Genoemde aspekte word soos volg in meer besonderhede weergegee: Die Bethulie-kommando: Klem word gelê op die sterkte van hierdie kommando; voorbereidings en oproep tot krygsdiens; die inval in die Noordoos-Kaapkolonie; die onderskeie gevegte waaraan hierdie krygsmag deelgeneem het; die krygsgevangeneming van die grootste gedeelte van hierdie kommando in die Brandwaterkom in Julie 1900; guerrillaoptrede in die distrik; en die vrede op 31 Mei 1902. Britse betrokkenheid: Britse betrokkenheid by Bethulie begin met ʼn verkenning van die Bethulie-omgewing voor die oorlog deur majoor E.A. Altham, wat in ʼn latere Britse intelligensieverslag gepubliseer is; generaal-majoor William Gatacre en sy mag se geveg te Stormberg in Desember 1899 met onder meer die Bethulie-kommando; die Britse opmars na Bethulie 1896-1907, met spesifieke verwysing na die Anglo-Boereoorlog, Bethulie en die geveg in Maart 1900 by die Bethulie-brûe; skermutselings in die Bethuliedistrik; die oprig van die Bethulie–Springfontein blokhuislyn; die werksaamhede van die Bethulie Town Guard; en die Britse administrasie in die distrik. Die Bethulie-konsentrasiekamp: Die ontstaan; behuising; rantsoene; mediese versorging; Britse amptenare; mediese personeel; siektes; sterftes; die geestelike versorging van die kampbewoners deur die kerk; onderwys; die kampweeshuis; asook hensoppers en joiners, geniet aandag. Die voorlaaste hoofstuk fokus op die heropbou van die dorp en sy gemeenskap ná die verwoestende oorlog en bevat aspekte soos die hervestiging van die inwoners op hul plase; naoorlogse kompensasie; die Kransdraai-arbeidskolonie; verskeie ander maatskaplike uitdagings; asook die prominente rol van die kerk in die opbou van ʼn naoorlogse Bethuliegemeenskap. Die hoofstuk sluit af met die eerste verkiesing in 1907, ná die toekenning van selfbestuur aan die Orange River Colony in 1906. Die slothoofstuk is ʼn oorhoofse evaluering.
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Keywords
Thesis (Ph.D. (History))--University of the Free State, 2019, Bethulie district, Civilian population, Southern Free State, Bethulie commando, Scorched-earth policy, Bethulie concentration camp, Post-war compensation, Orange River Colony (ORC), South African War, 1899-1902, Bethulie (Free State Province), South African War, 1899-1902 - British strategy, South African War, 1899-1902 - British management and administration
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