All Electronic Theses and Dissertations

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Open Access
Creating a model to develop self-sustainable aquaculture agribusiness enterprises in South Africa
(University of the Free State, 2023) Brown-Webb, Bernadette; Nesamvuni, A. E.; van Niekerk, J. A.
South Africa’s policies emphasize the importance of small enterprise and aquaculture sector development in meeting development goals. Public and private investments do not have the expected impacts on enterprise development and job creation, and enterprise sustainability remains low. Many start-ups receiving support, including public funding, fail to become self-sustainable after the financial support ends. This study hypothesized that the development of self-sustainable aquaculture enterprises is not adequately supported by the enabling environment for the sector. The research objectives were to (1) determine the impacts of key stakeholders on enterprise development; (2) identify critical success factors for enterprises; (3) understand the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the sector; (4) understand the challenges that compromise development of self-sustainable enterprises; and (5) develop and validate an enterprise development model to create self-sustainable aquaculture enterprises. The study was conducted in Saldanha Bay, in the Western Cape Province on South Africa’s west coast. A multiple-case study approach was followed, focusing on the marine bivalve shellfish farming industry. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the owners or managers of ten aquaculture enterprises in Saldanha Bay, and with nine representatives of key role players in the sector. Consultations with enterprise development experts and stakeholder focus groups were also conducted. The mussel farming sector has a well-developed commercial value chain. Vertical integration is prominent, and 32% of farms have access to 51% of the farming area. Self-sustainable enterprises had minimum farm sizes of 15 ha, produced for at least 5 years, had a commercial focus and strong leadership. In-depth analysis of four case studies indicated success factors as having commercial focus, good management and leadership, access to finance, economies of scale, and perseverance. Key aquaculture stakeholders had positive and negative impacts on aquaculture sector development. Role players listed the main impacts as the approach to enterprise development (56%), community-based/co-operative ventures (67%) and impacts of different mandates (44%). Enterprise respondents listed community-based/co-operative ventures (50%), impacts of different mandates (40%) and the enabling environment (60%). Recommendations include resourcing of aquaculture industry associations, developing a focused aquaculture enterprise and supplier development (ESD) strategy and programme, streamlining application processes, and finalising the Oceans Economy Master Plan, to include aquaculture specific legislation. Both enterprise and role player respondent groups described critical success factors as environmentally sustainable farming (80% and 78%), addressing economic challenges/opportunities (90% and 89%) and good business leadership and management (100% each). Recommendations include a focused aquaculture development programme such as an incubator, a market development mechanism and an integrated research and development programme. Enterprise respondents listed the main areas of COVID-19 impacts on operations and production (100%), requirements to survive and rebuild (89%), factors promoting resilience (78%) and initiatives to prepare and rebuild (67%). Role player respondents listed impacts on the sector (100%), requirements to survive (89%), factors promoting resilience (78%) and support measures (67%). Recommendations include interventions to rebuild a more resilient sector, follow-up assessments, prioritising interventions for surviving enterprises, and developing an industry-based Business Continuity Strategy. The key factors affecting mussel production were a supportive regulatory framework, favourable environmental and economic conditions, appropriate species and technologies, and efficient farm and enterprise management. Challenges affecting these factors were identified and used to develop an aquaculture enterprise development model (AEDM) that could develop self-sustainable enterprises. The AEDM includes a vision for the sector, a mechanism for implementation, an aquaculture incubator, an integrated research and development programme, and a market development mechanism. The study recommends the implementation of a pilot AEDM in the Saldanha Bay Aquaculture Development Zone (ADZ). This will allow for testing of assumptions and refining of the model before rolling it out to other ADZs or industries.
Open Access
A complexity approach to the incipient sign system of Zephaniah in the 1983 Afrikaans bible translation
(University of the Free State, 2022) de Villiers, Francois Tertius; Naudé, Jacobus A.; Miller-Naudé, Cynthia L.
Traditionally a translation is considered to be the result of the interaction between only two elements – the source text and the target text, each defined as being a single text. From the perspective of complexity, the current study argues that the source of a translation should not be viewed as just one text. The current study demonstrates that a translation emerges from a complex source that consists of various elements such as various texts and other factors. These could include other translations apart from the source text that translators consulted. The current study uses the Book of Zephaniah in the Afrikaans Bible Translation of 1983 as an example to detect instances where the translators deviated from their source text. Using principles of Descriptive Translation Studies, the current study compares the translation to its explicitly stated source text (i.e. 𝘉𝘪𝘣𝘭𝘪𝘢 𝘏𝘦𝘣𝘳𝘢𝘪𝘤𝘢 𝘚𝘵𝘶𝘵𝘵𝘨𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘴𝘪𝘢 𝘰𝘧 1977). 𝘉𝘪𝘣𝘭𝘪𝘢 𝘏𝘦𝘣𝘳𝘢𝘪𝘤𝘢 𝘚𝘵𝘶𝘵𝘵𝘨𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘴𝘪𝘢 is a scholarly edition of the Hebrew Bible that contains a critical Hebrew text based on 𝘊𝘰𝘥𝘦𝘹 𝘓𝘦𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘯𝘴𝘪𝘴 supplemented by a text critical apparatus. Using principles of Descriptive Translation Studies, the translation was compared to its source text to determine the translators’ translation strategies. Describing translation strategies revealed that translators used the strategies of addition, deletion, specification, and transposition. In cases where the Hebrew source text of 𝘉𝘪𝘣𝘭𝘪𝘤𝘢 𝘏𝘦𝘣𝘳𝘢𝘪𝘤𝘢 𝘚𝘵𝘶𝘵𝘵𝘨𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘴𝘪𝘢 was problematic, the translators sometimes deviated from their source text by following neither the Hebrew text nor the text critical apparatus. In such instances, the translators were forced to base their translation on sources beyond their stated source text; at least some of these additional sources can be identified. This study thus demonstrates the presence of a complex source for the Afrikaans 1983 translation of the Bible in particular, but it also has implications for Bible translations in general.
Open Access
Emotional regulation and living with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: interpretative phenomenological analyses of adolescent and parental experiences
(University of the Free State, 2023) Mamontov, Antonina; Nel, C.
𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗢𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄 𝗼𝗳 𝗦𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗢𝗻𝗲 The first section of the dissertation presents an integrated background and overview of the research. This section comprises existing literature and theoretical concepts that apply to the second and third sections of the study. The aim and methodology sections will be presented that outline the methodological procedures utilised in both articles, which will be presented in the third and second sections of the study, respectively. 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗸𝗴𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an example of a neurodevelopmental disorder which is typically diagnosed at a school-going age (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022; D’Souza & Karminiloff-Smith, 2016). Other examples of neurodevelopmental disorders include autism spectrum disorder (ASD), communication disorders, and intellectual disability. The aetiology of ADHD is an intersection between polygenetic and environmental factors (APA, 2022; Jendreizik et al., 2023). Three presentations of ADHD have been acknowledged (APA, 2022), including a primarily inattentive presentation (associated with distractibility, difficulty sustaining tasks and difficulty concentrating), a primarily hyperactive and impulsive presentation (associated with increased movement, fidgeting, restlessness, interrupting, and finding it difficult to wait turns), as well as a combined presentation in which both hyperactive and inattentive features are present (APA, 2022; Felt et al., 2014). All the presentation types have underlying deficits in executive functioning tasks such as planning, organising and time management (APA, 2022; Sudre et al., 2021). In neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD and ASD, difficulties with executive functioning can limit psychological flexibility and effective emotional regulation (Cai et al., 2018; Shaffer et al., 2023). To be diagnosed with ADHD, the associated symptoms must impair general functioning in multiple domains, such as occupational, academic, social, and familial domains and must be considered developmentally inappropriate (APA, 2022; Faraone et al., 2019). ADHD has also specifically been associated with emotional difficulties, such as deficits in regulating emotions, emotional impulsivity, and inadequate social cognition (APA, 2022; Faraone et al., 2019; Tarle et al., 2021). The severity of an adolescent’s ADHD can influence the extent to which certain symptoms or impairments present (Woods et al., 2021). Emotional regulation is the ability to alter or sustain the type, trajectory, intensity, and appropriateness of one’s emotions (Ford & Gross, 2019). This may require specific executive functioning tasks related to emotional evaluation, which can be impaired in individuals with ADHD (Christiansen et al., 2019). Young adolescents diagnosed with ADHD might have specific difficulties with impulsivity and sensitivity to criticism (Christiansen et al., 2019) and are at risk of experiencing social impairment and high-risk behaviours resulting from emotional dysregulation (Bunford et al., 2015). Despite emotional regulation difficulties being evident in both comorbid and non-comorbid cases and findings in support of an emotional subtype of ADHD in adults, emotional regulation difficulty is not included as a formal diagnostic criterion of ADHD (Faraone et al., 2019). Further research is still required to understand the adolescent’s experience of emotional impulsivity and emotional dysregulation in the specific context of ADHD. Their direct accounts in the form of a narrative description of their lived experiences of the impact of ADHD on their emotional regulation could deepen such an understanding. Additionally, ADHD diagnosis impacts the entire familial social microsystem (Bhide et al., 2019). Parental behaviours and parental involvement may be influenced by the child’s emotional difficulties (Martin et al., 2019). Therefore, a direct account of the adolescent’s parental caregivers (either biological and/or legal) could be important in understanding the emotional regulation challenges experienced by adolescents with the diagnosis. Moreover, South African data on the lived experiences of those with ADHD, and all the more those of their caregivers, is sorely lacking in the current body of ADHD research.
Open Access
Teaching and training experiences within applied master’s in psychology programmes during the COVID-19 pandemic: students’ perspectives
(University of the Free State, 2023) Molete, Keitumetse; Nel, L.
The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic posed challenges to Applied Master’s programmes in Psychology, altering traditional teaching and training methods. While extensive research has explored the pandemic’s broader implications for higher education, insights into its influence on postgraduate Psychology education remain limited. This study addresses this gap, employing Rønnestad and Skovholt (2003) counselor development model to analyse the impact on students’ developmental paths. This study uses a qualitative research design to investigate eight distinct cases of Applied Master’s Psychology students across various South African universities. Through semistructured interviews, data were gathered and subsequently analysed through thematic analysis. Five main themes emerged from this exercise: 1) Lose and lost, 2) Not knowing, 3) Going virtual, 4) I am in need, and 5) Rising from the experience. Collectively, these themes highlight the multiple influences of the pandemic on the academic experiences of Applied Master’s in Psychology students. This research’s significant contribution is how it aligns the identified themes with Rønnestad and Skovholt (2003) model, offering deeper insights into how the transition affected key aspects of counselor/therapist development. Additionally, the study emphasises the significant role of institutional support and innovative teaching methodologies in enhancing learning experiences amidst a sudden virtual transition. The findings highlight the need for adaptive strategies and reforms within Applied Master’s Psychology programmes, advocating for flexible educational strategies that equip future psychologists to navigate global crises effectively.
Open Access
The Amanzi Entaba path
(University of the Free State, 2023) De Kock, Jesse; Wagner, Annemarie
Nature, a vast and endless palette of inspiration, sets the stage for a library for textures, patterns, and motifs. There is no better designer than nature itself and architects have long been inspired by it, trying to evoke emotional connections to nature. My interest in the connection between man and nature, as told by the delicate fynbos biome, stems from a life-long love and appreciation for nature, taught through generations in our family. As a child, I was directed into appreciating the intricate small beauties lying within nature, the scents and textures that make up a perfectly balanced existence. Even in school, we were taught a respect and understanding of our importance in nature’s survival. Being taught the importance of nature, its role in our survival and vice versa, continued a childhood love implemented at a young age. My fondness for The West Coast National Park, and specifically fynbos, started in 2016, when I first visited this natural gem within the Western Cape. The endless beauty of something so refined brought peace in admiration of something that I knew to be intricate and unique. The Anthropocene era, the era of human impact on the earth, has taken us far from nature, creating a separation, lacking environmental connection instead of striving to connect architecture to nature through the creation of emotional and spiritual spaces for everyday life, through “amanzi entaba”. This is a Xhosa phrase, made up of the word's “mountain” and “water”, for an emotional harmony between human beings and nature. Fynbos, the “fine-leaved plants”, is an extraordinary biome, occurring solely on Africa’s southern peninsula. With a very wide range of plant species (roughly 8700), it stretches from the west coast to the east coast, outshining many rainforests in terms of sheer diversity. The beauty of fynbos truly lies in it birth and growth, a sensitive and intricate system of rebirth and fire. A Fynbos Interpretation Centre, funded by SAN Parks, located within the West Coast National Park, is proposed to preserve and retell an overlooked and unique narrative. The poetical quality of the setting inspires an intervention that builds that tells a story. The Fynbos Interpretation Centre proposes an architectural intervention articulating various moments within a sensitive process and interconnectedness within human experiences as visitors move through spaces and times.
Open Access
Enabling adult diabetes self-management in a Kenyan context: a design science research approach
(University of the Free State, 2023) Opisa, Esther Asenahabi; Reid, Marianne; Swanepoel, Juanita
Diabetes is one of the non-communicable conditions of which the prevalence is increasing globally, with a particularly sharp increase experienced in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). If diabetes is not managed properly, it can lead to physical complications, and increase the financial burden on the individual, the health care system and the government. Since diabetes is a chronic condition, self-management is key in the control of this condition. However, it is evident that most people diagnosed with diabetes exhibit an uncontrolled condition. This is an indication that diabetes self-management (DSM) is suboptimal among people diagnosed with diabetes. The main aim of this study was to design a context-specific product that would enable DSM by adults in Kenya. This study was anchored on the integrated model of behaviour prediction (IMBP) theory, with IMBP distal variables forming the foundation for designing the product. This study was designed using a pragmatic approach, informed by design science research (DSR). DSR comprises three cycles that are closely related. The three cycles are relevancy, design and rigour. In the relevancy cycle, the problem was investigated. Preliminary design requirements (PDRs) and design requirements (DRs) were derived. The PDRs and DRs formed part of the acceptance criteria of the product. In the design cycle, the product was finalised and its practicability determined. The iterative nature of the prototype product was due to the synthesis of data obtained during the relevancy cycle. In the rigour cycle, the prototype product was evaluated against certain evaluation criteria. The final product was then designed. These three cycles were adapted as the phases of the study. Applying the general methodology of design science research (DSR) to the current study yielded three executable phases of the research study: 1) the problem explication phase, 2) the design phase, and 3) the evaluation phase. A multiple method design was used. In the first phase, the problem explication phase, a literature overview, a scoping review and Kawa group discussions were conducted. The findings of these three methods involve a list of four IMBP distal variables, nine PDRs and six DRs respectively. In the second phase, the design phase, surveys and design were the two methods that were applied. The surveys yielded additional 13 DRs, giving a total of 19 DRs. This phase gave rise to a prototype product and the evaluation criteria that were used by diabetes experts in the third phase of the study. The third phase, the evaluation phase, involved expert reviews. Four diabetes experts evaluated the prototype product using the evaluation criteria. Their feedback was analysed and the findings factored in the development of the final product. The final product is a DSM guide that will be used mainly by adults diagnosed with diabetes, either on their own or with the aid of health care providers during clinic visits. In this last phase, design principles were also articulated, based on the DRs that emerged throughout the study. This study makes a contribution to the body of knowledge in DSR, by unearthing design principles that other researchers can use to design similar studies elsewhere. Additionally, the DSM guide that emerged in this study may contribute to improved DSM by adults diagnosed with diabetes in Kenya. A context-specific DSM product was developed through the application of the DSR approach. Alongside the DSM product, the researcher also extracted DRs and design principles, which are the knowledge contribution of this study to DSR.
Open Access
Bohemia Africanus: materialising a fictive allegorical site between uncanny places
(University of the Free State, 2023) Duvenhage, G. P. J.; Smit, Jan; Smit, Petria; Olivier, Jaco; Bitzer, Martie; Andrews, John
This dissertation explores the transformation of literary allegories into architecture, challenging the commonplace safety we find in the notions of truth, home, and the familiar. The design programme centres on a travelling theatre which explores the way the audience allegorically conceives and experience truth in the production of the uncanny and macabre play, African Gothic, by Reza de Wet. By architecturally emplacing this fictional theatre production in three real murder scenes, the dissertation attempts to not only produce a contextual milieu for the play but also to address the way we engage with the 'truth' and memories of places where dark crimes have been committed. In the context of a nation grappling with high crime rates like South Africa, the pertinent issue of addressing the aftermath of genuine criminal issues emerges as a significant concern. How we engage with the truth and memories associated with crime scenes necessitates not only relevant but also innovative approaches, which have yet to be adequately addressed. Due to the scarcity of architectural research and subsequent guidance on the matter of architectural interventions within crime sites, these scenes often turn into forbidden territories, both in discussion and physical presence. Drawing inspiration from the content of the play "African Gothic," three recent instances of crime scenes in South Africa were symbolically pinpointed as the backdrop for a mobile theatre and the reenactment of the play. These locations include a farm in the Griekwastad district, a school residence in Stella, and a housing estate known as De Zalze. This dissertation proposes that allegory be used to question truth, home, and safety, furthermore the dissertation considers the exploration of allegory to approach real sites of uncanny and macabre crimes. Enter the allegory. Derived from the Greek "Allos", allegory roughly translates to "speak openly" and to "another," these definitions combine to an approach which is to openly say one thing and to mean another. By embracing and interpreting the allegorical elements woven into the theatrical work "African Gothic," these delicate locations are approached, comprehended, and dissected in novel manners, potentially paving the way for transformative shifts and embracing change within these crime-ridden areas. Exploring and challenging the concepts of truth could play a pivotal role in the process of comprehending and reconciling with these sites marked by tragedy. Even when a page is mainly a constellation of words connected with lines, it is a 'written drawing' rather than just text, and the configuration refers to the structure of the research, the design of both written and drawn parts. (Haralambidou, 2007). Just as we seek comfort and certainty in the notion of truth, we also find solace and certainty in our "architectural" vision of constructing secure and familiar dwellings. In a nation confronted with escalating inequality and crime rates, it becomes imperative to explore alternative approaches to handling unique and harrowing architectural scenarios and sites.
Open Access
Appraisal of geophysical methods used for groundwater exploration in South Africa
(University of the Free State, 2023) Kolobe, Libuseng T.; Fourie, F. D.
Groundwater is a crucial resource that has been a means of survival for humans for many years, as seen in the tendency to settle near springs (Fitts, 2013). Interestingly, groundwater was extracted from dry mountain basins by Persians in what is now modern Iran (Fitts, 2013). Indeed, many methods have been developed over time to explore groundwater, as has been done with other resources of the Earth that are not readily visible. According to Arefayne 𝘦𝘵 𝘢𝘭. (2016), groundwater exploration is “the investigation of underground formations to understand the hydrologic cycle, know the groundwater quality, and identify the nature, number, and type of aquifers”. Numerous exploration methods are employed and are often used in conjunction with one another to ensure the most accurate estimation of groundwater potentiality in a given area. These exploration methods may be direct or indirect (Balasubramanian, 2017), with surface methods often indirect. These include esoteric techniques, which are the most ancient, also known as water witching or dowsing. Here, operators using a forked stick or an egg (Balasubramanian, 2017) claim to be able to detect water underground, the accuracy of which is fairly unproven (Arefayne and Abdi, 2016). Geomorphological methods study the landforms in the area of interest to show where the groundwater is likely to occur (Balasubramanian, 2017). Features such as pediplains or valley flats often show good groundwater potential (Sedhuraman et al., 2014). The slope and drainage density are also particularly important features as there is more infiltration in gently sloping areas, and a higher drainage density indicates more runoff and, hence, less potential for recharge (Sedhuraman et al., 2014). Other surface exploration methods may be geological in nature (Balasubramanian, 2017). Such methods first collect and analyse topographic maps, aerial photographs, geological maps, and core logs. This is then supplemented by geological field reconnaissance and evaluation of hydrological data on stream flows, springs, well yields, groundwater recharge levels, and water quality (Balasubramanian, 2017). Faults, joints, and lineaments are also noted, as these may form preferential flow paths for groundwater (Van Tonder 𝘦𝘵 𝘢𝘭., 2001). The structure of the water-bearing strata can also give indications for groundwater occurrence (Balasubramanian, 2017). Contacts between permeable rock overlying impermeable strata along the sides of valleys are suitable locations for groundwater (Balasubramanian, 2017). Quartz veins and dykes can be linear and form ridges (Nel, 2017). There, erosion-prone rock types may form depressions and are connected with structures ideal for water storage (Nel, 2017). Geobotany, which is the study of how plants are related to the subsurface, can also be used in the exploration of groundwater (Odhiambo, 2016). This means observing any anomaly in the growth of vegetation or trees growing in a straight line can be an indicator of subsurface moisture changes (Nel, 2017). The presence of phreatophytes can also allude to the presence of groundwater (Nel, 2017). Halophytes and white efflorescence of salt on the ground may also be an indication of shallow brackish or saline groundwater (Balasubramanian, 2017). Playas and precipitation of salt are also good indicators of possible groundwater occurrence (Balasubramanian, 2017). Photogeology, which is the use of aerial photography to study geology, can also provide valuable information for targets of a groundwater exploration exercise (Mekel, 1988). Another manner through which groundwater exploration can be conducted is through the use of geophysical methods. There are a variety of geophysical methods used in groundwater exploration employed for several reasons. However, the main objective of geophysical surveys in hydrogeology is to provide parameters for the creation of models essential for decision-making in groundwater exploration and protection (Mpofu 𝘦𝘵 𝘢𝘭., 2020). Geophysical survey methods can be airborne, conducted on the surface, or even conducted down boreholes (Balasubramanian, 2017). These methods operate primarily by detecting anomalies or contrasts in the physical properties of the Earth (Balasubramanian, 2017). These properties include but are not limited to density, elasticity, magnetism, and electrical resistivity. Such anomalies indicate the potential zones which can be exploited for groundwater. The use of geophysics in groundwater exploration is very important as it removes the need to drill many boreholes before the target is reached (Mpofu 𝘦𝘵 𝘢𝘭., 2020). Geophysical tools are invaluable in groundwater exploration; therefore, this study will be primarily based on the use of geophysics for groundwater exploration in South Africa.
Open Access
Die krygsoptrede van Boer en Brit in Noordoos-Kaapland gedurende die Anglo-Boereoorlog, 1899-1900
(Universiteit van die Vrystaat, 1986) Botha, Christoffel Johannes Francois; van Schoor, M. C. E.
Alhoewel daar al talle werke oor die Anglo-Boereoorlog ver= skyn het, is daar nie veel oor die krygsoptrede van Boer en Brit in Noordoos-Kaapland geskryf nie. Die doel van hier= die studie is om meer lig op die krygsoptrede van Boer en Brit in hierdie streke te laat val. Die gebeure tydens die Anglo-Boereoorlog bied interessante feite en gegewens, en die navorsing wat vir hierdie verhandeling gedoen is, was dan ook besonder insiggewend. 'n Studie van die krygsoptrede in Noordoos-Kaapland bring opnuut die besef dat die hele Suid-Afrika in n mindere of meerdere mate by die oorlog betrek was. In die geval van Noordoos-Kaapland was dit aan die begin van die oorlog be=slis in 'n meerdere mate die ·geval. Aanvanklik wou dit voor=kom of die Boeremagte se krygsoptrede die gewenste uitwerking op die Britse leerleiding se veldtogplanne gehad het, maar die latere Britse herstel en opmars het die teendeel bewys. Die sukses wat die Britse magte hier behaal het, was slegs van beperkte omvang en optrede van die Boeremagte het hulle in staat gestel om weer Noordoos-Kaapland te beset. Dit kan nie as 'n krygsoptrede wat die gang van die oorlog bepaal het beskou word nie, maar eerder as 'n sinnelose vermorsing van tyd en mannekrag. Daar is heelwat primêre en sekondêre bronne wat oor die onderwerp geraadpleeg kon word - veral primêre bronne soos die Leyds-versameling, die Renier-versameling, Kommandant-generaal-versameling, 𝘓𝘰𝘳𝘥 𝘙𝘰𝘣𝘦𝘳𝘵𝘴 𝘗𝘢𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘴 en die Blouboeke was van groot waarde vir hierdie studie. As sekondêre bronne het die werke van LS Amery en J H Breytenbach as belangrike rigtinggewende werke gedien. 𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗪𝗬𝗦 𝗡𝗔 𝗗𝗜𝗘 𝗔𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘𝗛𝗘𝗚𝗧𝗘 𝗗𝗢𝗞𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗩𝗜𝗥 '𝗡 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗚𝗘 𝗢𝗣𝗦𝗢𝗠𝗠𝗜𝗡𝗚!
Open Access
Exploring food insecurity, food waste, and dietary diversity among rural and urban households of Lesotho
(University of the Free State, 2023) Molapo, Maletsie; Cronjé, Natasha; de Wit, Maryna
Lesotho is one of the sub-Saharan African countries that perpetually struggles with food insecurity. Consumers in Lesotho still waste food despite living in a low-income country. Most people live under the poverty line of US$1.00 per day and low-income households consume meals that are low in diversity, which elevates micronutrient deficiencies. Consequently, many children under five years of age experience stunting, obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies due to a lack of food or insufficient intake. The study sought to explore household food insecurity, estimate the quantity of household food waste, determine household dietary diversity, and identify food preservation techniques in rural and urban areas of Lesotho. The research was conducted in four of the 10 districts of Lesotho, namely Mafeteng, Thaba-Tseka, Leribe, and Qacha’s Nek. The sample size was 440 households, and stratified random sampling was used for the selection of participating households. A mixed-methods approach was utilised and an exploratory descriptive design was adopted. Both structured questionnaires and interviews were employed, which represented quantitative and qualitative elements. The questionnaire addressed socio-demographics, the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), food waste, the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS), and food preservation. The consumers who participated in the study were 18 years and older. The analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, and Fisher’s exact test was used to compare variables. Food insecurity was significantly higher in the rural areas than the urban areas, where four categories were measured, namely food secure, mildly food insecure, moderately food insecure, and severely food insecure. Indicators of food insecurity were to be being a female, being unemployed, and cooking with open fire. Using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity for cooking significantly were found to reduce food insecurity. Total food waste estimations were calculated at 190.9 kg (rural) and 156.2 kg (urban) per week, resulting in annual estimated food waste of 13 003.2 kg (rural) and 7 496.8 kg (urban), totalling 20, 500 kg of household food waste in Lesotho annually. The main ways that consumers discard food waste in both rural and urban areas are using compost heaps, discarding it in the garbage bin, and burying it. All these were significant predictors of food waste even though they had a weak correlation. It is also a common practice to give food waste to animals. The main reasons for food waste in both the rural and urban areas were that consumers like to eat fresh food, they are too busy to cook planned meals, food is left too long in the refrigerator/freezer, they buy too much food, they do not check the cupboard or refrigerator/freezer before going shopping, and some members of the household do not always finish eating their food. Food groups that are not wasted in large quantities in rural and urban are fruits, vegetables, milk and dairy products, legumes, and grains. The dietary diversity of the rural and urban areas differs significantly, with diversity in the urban areas being higher than in the rural areas. Food groups mostly consumed are cereals (soft/stiff porridge and bread) and leafy green vegetables (rape, cabbage, and spinach). Fruits are mostly consumed when they are in season because they are expensive otherwise. Factors that significantly contribute to increasing the HDDS are using electricity and LPG for cooking. Factors that significantly decrease the HDDS are being female, cooking with an open fire, and purchasing food every two weeks. More consumers preserve food in urban areas than in rural areas, and the prominent techniques for preserving food are sun drying and bottling, while fewer consumers in both rural and urban areas consider salting and freezing. Food insecurity is still high, even though diversity is promising. It is therefore recommended that the creation of awareness be established, through policies and other platforms regarding, household food waste, food security and eating patterns.
Open Access
Communication as a stakeholder relationship-building factor in contributing to the success of small businesses in townships
(University of the Free State, 2023) Ntsongelwa, Avela; Breshears, Diana
The townships in Gqeberha are characterised by crime, poverty, and unemployment. Small businesses can address these challenges by providing employment opportunities, which in turn can help alleviate poverty and crime. Despite these challenges, there are small business owners and/or managers who see opportunities for their businesses in the township, as well as the importance of stakeholder relationships for businesses. The purpose of this study was to explore owners' and/or managers' views on the importance of effective communication and the role it plays in building positive stakeholder relationships, which in turn contribute to successful small businesses. The research questions focused on who small business owners and/or managers regard as their stakeholders, how small business owners and/or managers view communication with their stakeholders, what they regard as positive stakeholder relationships, and their experiences of running a small business. Data were collected through interviews and qualitatively analysed. The results showed that engaging with stakeholders contributes to forming positive stakeholder relationships, which help the organisation achieve its end goals.
Open Access
Planning for future graveyards in urban areas: a case study of Bloemfontein
(University of the Free State, 2004) Tshabalala, Rapelang; Badenhorst, Hein
This research is premised on the fact that no sector of the society is immune from death. According to Kubler-Rose (1975: x), death is not an enemy to be conquered or a prison to be escaped. It is an integral part of our lives that gives meaning to human existence. It sets a limit on our time in this life, urging us on to do something productive with that time as long as it is ours to use. Death is in us and outside us, beside us in every room, in every street, in every field, in every car, in every plane, etc. It is what we are (Shneidman. 1984:118). Death is a principal vital event and is the disappearance of all evidence of life at any time after a live birth has taken place (Stats SA, 2002:24). In my own view, death is inevitable since it has to happen. That is, it is the final stage of growth for every human being. As a result, there is a need to plan for future burial space in Bloemfontein taking into consideration the increasing population sizes due to urbanisation, mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS, existing burial methods and existing cemetery capacity. According to Mitchell, (23 November 2000:8), the graveyards, hospitals and mortuaries are overflowing with corpses most of which are AIDS victims. Both cremation and multiple burials will have to be highly considered in the future. The question is hqw to share the available land between the dead and the living population? Contrary to needs of dead people, the above options look more reasonable and conducive.
Open Access
Biological clock measures: assessing the association between the circadian and epigenetic clock as predictors of migration phenology and biological aging in wildlife
(University of the Free State, 2024) Le Clercq, Louis Stephanus; Dalton, D. L.; Grobler, J. P.; Kotzé, A.
This thesis explores the use of biological clocks, studied at the molecular level, in understanding and predicting animal traits that change over time. In particular, the thesis focuses on two biological clocks: the circadian clock and the epigenetic clock. The study aimed to shed light on how these clocks, along with specific genes associated with them, influence traits such as migration patterns in birds and age in animals. In the investigation of circadian clock genes, this thesis presents a detailed review of existing literature, presenting both supporting and conflicting results on the association between clock gene polymorphisms and migration patterns. This review summarized the central hypotheses tested in these studies, identified several candidate genes that have been used, revealed distinct patterns in terms of the taxonomy and phylogeny of studied species, and present new insights into why conflicting results happen as well as what future research is needed. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the importance of considering molecular clock differences between lineages when studying multiple species. The two most studied candidate genes were then tested for associations to phenology in an intra-African migrant, the Diederik cuckoo, and provides the first evidence that phenotypic correlates identified in Eurasian passerine species is conserved for these species. The second part of the thesis delves into epigenetic clocks, examining two widely used methods: methylation and telomere length. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to compare the performance of these methods across vertebrate classes. Methylation was found to outperform telomere length in predictive power, with both methods showing promise as biomarkers for age determination in animals. To demonstrate the practical application of epigenetic clocks, the study included the development of a new age determination model on the African cheetah. Six candidate genes were identified, and a model using CpG methylation levels was created using machine learning techniques to refine the model, resulting in accurate age predictions. This approach offers a less invasive means of age estimation for population monitoring. The research also introduces two new PYTHON tools, PAReTT, to incorporate phylogenetic and molecular clock data into ecological and evolutionary reviews, and ABCal, to address potential biases in systematic reviews in evolution and ecology. The thesis concludes by highlighting the broader implications of the study, emphasizing the utility of biological clocks in understanding temporal traits, from annual life events in birds to lifelong aging in mammals. The generated datasets and tools contribute to ecological systematic reviews and individual studies, expanding our knowledge of biological clocks and guiding future research endeavours.
Open Access
Die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk in die Oranje-Vrystaat tydens die Anglo-Boereoorlog 1899 - 1902
(Universiteit van die Oranje-Vrystaat, 1988) Van Der Merwe, Gert Andries; Kleynhans, E. P. J.
Die Anglo-Boereoorlog (1899 tot 1902) was sander twyfel een van die ingrypendste gebeurtenisse wat die Afrikanervolk beleef het. Met name is die twee Boererepubl ieke in die Transvaal en die Oranje-Vrystaat ten diepste daardeur geraak. Kragtens sy innige verweefdheid met die Afri kanervol k kon die Nederdu i tse Gereformeerde Kerk in die Oranje-Vrystaat nie aan die geweld van die aanslag ontkom nie. "Toe die voortbestaan van die volk in gedrang kom, moes die Ned. Geref. Kerk noodwendig baie nou daarby betrokke raak."¹ Die betrokkenheid blyk baie duidelik uit artikels wat in die tyd in De Fakkel, amptelike kerkbl ad van die Vrystaa tse kerk, verskyn het. TeIkens word die volk, en veral oak die burgers te velde, opgeroep om op God te vertrou in die verdediging van goed en bloed: "Blijf alzoo geduldig strijden, op Gods t1jd is de overwinning de onze."² 'n Studie van die Ned. Ge ref. Kerk in die Oranje-Vrystaat tydens die Anglo-Boereoorlog is derhalwe van aktuele aard en betekenis. Di t is verbIydend dat daar in die afgelope twee dekades 'n merkbare oplewing in die bestudering en optekening van die kontemporêre kerkgeskiedenis was. Die intreerede van prof. dr. P. B. van der Watt by die aanvaarding van die professoraat in, en die hoofskap van die Departement Kerkgeskiedenis aan die Universiteit van Pretoria op 17 Februarie 1975, het hieraan sonder twyfel 'n groat stoot gegee. Sy rede Gedagtes random 'n kontemporêre kerkgeskiedenis - met besondere verwysings na die Ned. Geref. Kerk, wil, soos die titel aandui en soos hyself dit stel, "dat hierdie nuwe terrein, dié van die eietydse, betree moet word" omdat dit vir 'n sinvolle en volledige blik op die Vaderlandse Kerkgeskiedenis noodsaaklik is.³ Die geagte hoogleraar het inderdaad self die daad by die woord gevoeg. Sy vrugbare pen bring die een na die ander boek op die mark - soveel so dat hy in 1988 die Totiusprys van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns vir sy bydrae tot die kerkgeskiedskrywing ontvang. Sy vierdelige werk oor Die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk bied 'n oorsigtelike beeld van dié kerk se geskiedenis van die begin tot die resente tyd. Die houding en optrede van die kerk teenoor krygsoperasies word daarin ook aangesny en dit prikkel die leser tot verdere besinning en navorsing. 𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗪𝗬𝗦 𝗡𝗔 𝗗𝗜𝗘 𝗔𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘𝗛𝗘𝗚𝗧𝗘 𝗗𝗢𝗞𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗩𝗜𝗥 '𝗡 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗚𝗘 𝗢𝗣𝗦𝗢𝗠𝗠𝗜𝗡𝗚
Open Access
Die gebruikmaking van praktykskolingseenhede vir die opleiding van maatskaplike werkers met spesifieke verwysing na die U.O.V.S.
(University of the Free State, 1974) Wasserfall, Annie Elizabeth; Botha, D.
Met die konferensie oor Praktykopleiding van Studente in Maatskaplike Werk in Junie 1971 te Pretoria, het o.a. die vraag, wie verantwoordelik moet wees vir die praktykopleiding van studente, na vore gekom. Op die gemelde konferensie is voorgestel dat meer duidelikheid oor die aspek verkry moet word nl. of die dosente, spesiale persone op die personeel van die opleidingsentrum, of personeel by 'n werkgewende instansie, die verantwoordelikheid van die opleiding van studente moet behartig. (Vgl. 46, po52.) Op daardie stadium was daar reeds 'n paar instansies wat van persone in die praktyk gebruik gemaak het met die opleiding van studente, o.a. die Universiteit van die Witwatersrand, in samewerking met verskillende instansies, asook die Universiteit van Pretoria, in samewerking met o.a. die Suid-Afrikaanse Vroue Federasie. Ondersoekster was gedurende 1970 studente-supervisor van die S.A.V.F. Hierdie pos was nog in die beginstadium, maar het reeds getoon dat so 'n gesamentlike paging tussen die universiteit en welsynsorganisasie 'n positiewe bydrae tot die opleiding van studente kan lewer. Verdere ondersoek en uitbreiding met betrekking tot die implimentering daarvan was nog nodig. Een van die taakopdragte verbonde aan die spesifieke pos was juis dat die praktykskoler, destyds genoem studentesupervisor, 'n formele studie moet maak van die doeltreffendheid van die praktykskolingseenheid. Laasgenoemde opdrag is, saver bekend, nog nie ten uitvoer gebring nie. Met ondersoekster se honneursprojek wat by die Universiteit van die Oranje-Vrystaat in 1972 ingehandig is, is die beroepsgroei van 'n groep maatskaplike werkers ondersoek en daarin is gebrekkige, doelgerigte praktykonderrig onder anders as 'n leemte deur die maatskaplike werkers uitgewys, wat weer die noodsaaklikheid van 'n ondersoek in die verband na vore gebring het. Gedurende dieselfde tydperk het die doserende personeel van die departement Maatskaplike Werk van die Universiteit van die O.V.S., die behoefte aan nouer samewerking met welsynsorganisasies en meer doelgerigte praktykonderrig raakgesien, wat gelei het tot die instelling van 'n praktykskolingseenheid by die Oranje-Vrouevereniging Hoofbestuur, Bloemfontein, aan die begin van 1973. Ondersoekster het die pos as praktykskoler van die praktykskolingseenheid begin. Aangesien hierdie praktykskolingseenheid nog nuut was, was daar heelwat vraagstukke verbonde aan die wyse van implimentering van die stelsel. Daar was egter ook heelwat positiewe ervaringe met die praktykskolingseenheid, wat getoon het dat laasgen□emde 'n besliste bydrae tot die opleiding van maatskaplike werkstudente kan lewer. Bogenoemde bevindinge.en gebeurtenisse het aanleiding gegee tot ondersoekster se besluit om 'n wetenskaplike ondersoek te doen na die gebruikmaking van praktykskolingseenhede by die Universiteit van die O.V.S. ten einde die nut van die stelsel te ondersoek esook moontlike riglyne neer te lê vir die implimentering van praktykskolingseenhede as deel van die opleiding van maatskaplike werkstudente aan die Maatskaplike Werk departement van die Universiteit van die O.V.S.
Open Access
Acceptance, attitudes and nutritional content of novel nixtamalized maize products developed for the South African consumer
(University of the Free State, 2023) Colbert, Taylon Anthony; Du Toit, Alba; Bothma, Carina; van Niekerk, Johan; Swanepoel, Jan Willem
South Africa is well-known for its good quality maize that serves as a staple crop for over 80% of the country’s population. Additionally, South Africa is also Africa’s top maize producer. However, maize provides an unbalanced supply of essential nutrients, such as the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan. Moreover, the water-soluble vitamin B₃ is biologically unavailable to humans. Therefore, long-term consumption of maize-based diets, deficient in these nutrients, can result in pellagra, a disease manifested by the characteristic symptom dermatitis, on sun-exposed skin. The process of nixtamalization improves the nutritional, textural and sensory quality, and the physicochemical properties of maize products. Nixtamalization is the traditional process of preparing maize in Mexico. It involves cooking and soaking maize kernels in an alkaline solution, typically calcium hydroxide or slaked lime. The process allows bound nutrients to be more readily available for absorption, improves flavour and texture, as well as digestion. This study was divided into three essential phases: (I) the development of consumer-acceptable novel nixtamalized maize products; (II) the determination of consumer attitudes, knowledge and awareness towards nixtamalization and nixtamalized maize products, through the administration of a questionnaire; and (III) the analysis of the nutritional content of a novel consumer accepted nixtamalized maize product. The first phase aimed to explore South African consumers' acceptance of nixtamalization and novel nixtamalized maize products. Three nixtamalized maize products were developed: a vegetarian patty; a vegetarian nugget; and a maize chip. To evaluate the consumers' sensory acceptance of various attributes, including taste, aroma, texture, and appearance, the study employed the Just-About-Right (JAR) scales and a 9-point hedonic scale. Among the three products evaluated, the maize chip received the most acceptable JAR results, although improvements were required for its appearance attribute. Furthermore, correlation and penalty analysis revealed that appearance and taste played significant roles in the acceptance of nixtamalized maize products, among South African consumers. Consequently, the chips were flavoured with seasonings to improve taste and appearance, with different flavours, such as chutney and tomato. Notably, the chutney-flavoured maize chip achieved an acceptance rate of >70.0% for all four attributes, rendering it “just-about-right”. The study's second phase involved determining consumers’ attitudes toward nixtamalization and nixtamalized maize products. The data was collected online, using an Evasys© questionnaire, which was anonymously completed by respondents, during the sensory tasting of the maize chips. Quantitative analysis concluded that most respondents were open to nixtamalization as a new processing technique and to newly developed maize products produced, through nixtamalization. Specifically, respondents indicated that the safety aspect of nixtamalization played a crucial role in their willingness to consume nixtamalized maize, in the future. Moreover, the results indicated that the respondents were willing to incorporate nixtamalized products into their future consumption, and recommend them to friends and family. After achieving consumer acceptance, the third phase of the study focused on conducting nutritional analysis of the novel nixtamalized maize chip. The analysis revealed several noteworthy findings. The chips exhibited a high energy content of 2303 kJ/100 g and protein content of 6.64 g/100 g. Compared to two commercial chips, the nixtamalized maize chip displayed a higher insoluble fibre content of 15.87 g/100 g of NDF and 1.32 g/100 g of ADF. Additionally, the sodium content of the maize chip (706.67 mg/100 g), fell within the permissible limit set out by South African salt legislation (<800 mg/100 g), for savoury snack foods. Moreover, the chips demonstrated favourable potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels. The higher fat content of 23.72 g/100 g in the chips was attributed to the deep-frying process, used during preparation.
Open Access
Evaluation of rejected wet carcass syndrome lamb meat for human or animal consumption
(University of the Free State, 2023) Hatting, Melissa; Hugo, A.; Hugo, C. J.
Wet carcass syndrome (WCS) is a condition found among sheep and is characterised by a ‘wet’ appearance of the subsurface meat at slaughtering. These carcasses are considered unfit for further use, resulting in financial loss to farmers and the industry as a whole. No preventions or cause have been determined for this syndrome, although WCS seems to be associated with winter/drought conditions. The current study compared twenty WCS carcasses to twenty unaffected normal carcasses to determine the quality and safety of the affected meat. Parameters tested included fat thickness, water holding capacity, colour, proximate analysis, fatty acid composition, water activity, pH and microbial load. A shelf-life study was performed on two products, i.e., lamb chops for human consumption and pet mince for the pet food industry. From morpho-physical examinations, WCS carcasses had measurements with significantly higher cold mass, external length, shoulder and buttock circumference than the normal carcasses. No significant differences were, however, found in the fatness and conformation code, showing that WCS-affected carcasses were physically larger, but retained the same level of fat around the outside of the carcass. Measurements taken between the 12ᵗʰ and 13ᵗʰ rib, showed normal carcasses had significantly higher fat thickness (45 mm and 110 mm), while WCS carcasses had significantly higher eye muscle width, depth, area and perimeter. The pH, temperature, water activity and water holding capacity had no significant differences. Proximate analysis included dry matter, moisture, protein, fat, organic matter and ash. All of these parameters showed higher levels in the normal vs WCS carcasses, except for moisture content which was higher in WCS vs normal carcasses. Nine of the fatty acids showed significant differences, where all but one, arachidic acid, had higher levels in the WCS, than in normal carcasses. From surface swabs, there were no differences in the number of microbes recovered from the surface of the WCS carcasses versus normal carcasses. Two products were formulated, lamb chops for human consumption and pet mince for the pet food industry. A shelf-life study (microbial load, colour and pH) determined the quality over a period of six days for lamb chops and 10 days for pet mince. The microbial load and pH on both products showed no significant differences between the WCS and normal carcasses, suggesting that WCS meat had the same microbial quality and was just as safe as that from a normal carcass. The colour analysis of the lamb chops showed no differences in the lightness nor the redness, although there was a difference in the blue/yellow colour on day 0, implying a greenish tint involved with WCS. This phenomenon, however, was only seen on day 0 and not throughout the 6-day experimental period. The study confirmed the safety of WCS meat for both human and animal consumption, although the wet surface appearance, soft texture and loose subcutaneous fat, is expected to still deter consumers from purchasing such meat. Processing of WCS meat into products like pet mince, will support new commercial ventures and lessen the financial impact of the condition on the livestock industry.
Open Access
The effect of microbial and plant extract preservatives on the chemical, microbial and sensory quality of a traditional fresh South African sausage
(University of the Free State, 2023) Freitag, Alicia; Hugo, C. J.; Hugo, A.; van der Merwe, S.; Cluff, M.
The purpose of this study was to determine if natural preservatives in Boerewors had an effect on the aᵥᵥ, pH, and moisture content; lipid oxidative, microbial and colour stability; and sensory quality. Sulphur dioxide inclusion at 0.035% (positive control), formulation with no preservatives (negative control), protective cultures; Pediococcus acidilactici (PrC1) and Lactobacillus curvatus (PrC2), and plant extract blends; rosemary extract and acerola oil (KD1) and rosemary extract, buffered vinegar, and acerola powder (KD2), were evaluated. The goal was to best match the quality characteristics of the positive control, while complying to the consumer demands for natural ingredients. The use of KD2 increased the pH on days 0 and 6, while the aᵥᵥ of were only affected on day 0, with PrC1 having the highest aᵥᵥ and KD1 the lowest. Both plant extract preservatives increased the lipid oxidative stability more than any other treatment, including the positive control. The microbial stability results were inconclusive due to the protective cultures which increased the total bacteria count. The pathogens, coliform and Enterobacteriaceae counts were analysed, but there were no significant differences between the treatments. KD1 maintained the highest lightness colour score and lowest TBC at the same level as the positive control but increased the yellowness score. The treatments had no effect on the sensory evaluation. The use of plant preservatives as the best candidates for SO₂ replacement were confirmed for use in Boerewors. The replacement of SO₂, with natural preservatives, can affect the product safety and shelflife of fresh meat products, such as Boerewors. The effect of the replacement on the microbial communities of Boerewors have not yet been investigated. Biolog™ Ecoplate™ have been used to physiologically profile bacterial communities from different preservative treated Boerewors samples. The Boerewors were sampled on day 0 and incubated at 25 °C, in an OmniLog® system, for 72.5 h. The growth and reaction of the microbial communities to the 31 carbon compounds were measured, based on the production of formazan. The results were statistically analysed, using two methods: 1) AWCD and Shannon indices, and 2) applying the Gompertz function to analyse growth parameters. The results of the first approach showed that KD1 had the lowest growth rate and a similar microbial diversity as the PC, while the NC had the highest overall growth and diversity. The results of the second approach showed that PrC1 had a much later midpoint of growth than the other treatments, while the microbial community in KD2 had the least explosive growth of all the treatments. Overall, a reduction in microbial functional diversity and explosiveness of growth was noted in Boerewors with added preservatives. In terms of community-level physiological profiling, SO₂ replacement can, therefore, affect the microbial quality and safety of Boerewors in mostly positive ways. In this study, SO₂ replacement with plant extract preservatives containing rosemary and acerola extract (KD1) and rosemary and acerola extract with buffered vinegar (KD2), were evaluated for effects on the growth and survival of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) reference strains. The bacterial strains were inoculated separately into Boerewors batters that were stored at 4 °C for up to 6 days. The purpose of this study was to determine if these potential pathogens could use natural preservatives to their advantage in Boerewors. The inoculated E. coli struggled to survive both of the natural preservatives, especially KD1, without a significant difference to the PC. Survival decreased substantially from day 0 to 6, with the low storage temperature having a big influence on the counts. The inoculated S. aureus decreased from day 0 to 6, but the natural preservatives did not affect the counts as much as the SO₂, except on the last day of storage. For the most part, natural preservatives and an ideal storage temperature exhibited antimicrobial potential.
Open Access
Food and nutrition security among farming households in Lesotho: the role of commercial agriculture
(University of the Free State, 2023) Nkoko, Nthabeleng; Cronje, Cronje; Swanepoel, Jan Willem
Food insecurity and malnutrition are persistent challenges to the global community. The COVID-19 pandemic, conflicts, climate change and the Russian-Ukraine war have exacerbated hunger and poverty rates. However, agriculture continues to be regarded as a critical pathway towards tackling food insecurity and malnutrition. In Africa, investments in agricultural development have increased in the recent past, aiming to fight food insecurity and poverty. The transition from subsistence to commercial agriculture has received increased attention from significant investors. Lesotho is one of the least developed countries in the world that is also faced with persistent and high poverty rates that spread throughout the country. In the past decade, the government of Lesotho and its partners have invested in supporting farming households by commercialising agriculture and increasing market participation. However, agriculture in Lesotho is constrained by limited access to production resources and erratic climatic events, among others. As a result, agriculture suffers from low productivity and its contribution to food insecurity and nutrition security is challenged. Despite the challenges, there is a continual investment in commercial agriculture as a development approach. However, the role of agriculture in yielding food and nutrition security outcomes is unclear, and empirical evidence is limited. In light of these, the study sought to assess the contribution of commercial agriculture on household food and nutrition security. The specific objectives to address the research aim were: • To determine the food and nutrition security status of commercial and subsistence farming households in Lesotho. • To determine the factors that affect the food and nutritional security of the farming households in Lesotho. • To assess the contribution of commercial agriculture on the food and nutrition security of the farming households in Lesotho. • To assess the characteristics of the food and nutrition security clusters. • To make policy recommendations on household food and nutrition security in Lesotho. The study adopted an exploratory research approach with a cross-sectional nature. Data were collected using questionnaires and semi-structured interview schedules. The findings indicated that farming households experienced food and nutrition insecurity differently. The household food insecurity access scale indicated the prevalence of varied levels of food insecurity among 60% of the surveyed households. Individual dietary diversity scores showed low dietary diversity among the majority of women of reproductive age (79.4%), under-five children (72%) and male adults (65.4%). Significant differences in food and nutrition security status were observed between the four districts that represent the agro-ecological zones. The household dietary diversity score reflected that farming households could afford diverse diets weekly, and not daily. There were significant differences in food and nutrition security between commercial and subsistence farming households. Household income was a determinant for all household food and nutrition security indicators. After grouping the surveyed households, the findings also indicated that the food and nutrition secure cluster was characterised by small household size, higher monthly household income, farming for commercial purposes, as well as respondents who are married and have higher education status. Food secure farming households also have access to extension services and credit to purchase agricultural inputs. In assessing commercial agriculture's contribution to food and nutrition security, qualitative and quantitative findings reflected a positive contribution to most indicators. Involvement in commercial agriculture is a pathway to enhancing food and nutrition security hence a nutrition-sensitive approach to commercial agricultural interventions is recommended for better food and nutrition outcomes. The findings also demonstrate that involvement in agriculture alone is inadequate for enhancing food and nutrition security. Since household income is a significant determinant for achieving food and nutrition security, there is a need to stimulate the economy to create income-generating activities. Farming households must also be capacitated with nutrition knowledge in combination with proper allocation of agricultural produce and farm income to meet the dietary requirements for all members of the households.
Open Access
Sustainability of vegetable production systems by small-scale farmers of Limpopo Province in South Africa
(University of the Free State, 2023) Mathobo, David Nndineni; Nthakheni, N. D.; Zwane, M. E.
The study was conducted in 23 villages of Limpopo Province through an article-based format. The study in area A, was conducted in six villages, four in Makhado Municipality of Vhembe District, and two villages in Greater Letaba Municipality in Mopani District. The objective of the study was to characterise vegetable production systems of small-scale farmers in the study area. Data was collected using a questionnaire and some information was gathered through direct observation. Fifty-two farmers were sampled using a multi-stage random sampling technique and were interviewed. The sample size was calculated using Lovin’s formula. Data was analysed using a SPSS. The results of the study showed that 59.62% of the farmers were males, 57.69% were above 61 years of age. The education status of women was lower than that of men and more women had no formal qualification. The 92.31% owned land and 80% of the plots ranged between 0.5 and two hectares. The 84.62% had vegetable farming experience ranging between 5 and 16 years. Water management system was characterised by some farmers (50%) who adapted to water shortage by planting drought tolerant vegetables, some19.23% used drip irrigation system and others (13.46%) used conservation tillage. The majority (71.15%) of these farmers used furrow irrigation and gravitational canal, and their main source of water was the river. They drew water using gravitation and pipes as well as gravitation and canals. Water availability ranged from daily to monthly. Human resource management was characterised by 48.08% of the vegetable farmers who employed a mixture of youth, male and female workers and 60% of the farmers hired workers on seasonal basis. Soil sampling did not exist because 65.54% did not take soil samples and 67.31% did not know when last they took soil samples, 65.38% used both organic and inorganic fertilisers. About 81% applied between 10-200kg fertiliser per hectare using band placing method. Other vegetable production practices identified include chemical pest control (100%); soil resource management was done through conventional tillage (86.64%); contours to control erosion (71.18%). Weed control was mainly manual (73.08%). Income generated from sale of vegetables was mainly used for labour, production inputs and mechanisation. Farmers in the study area kept records for finance, input, planting dates and yields. Most farmers used 0-10% of vegetables they produce for home consumption. The results of the study showed that vegetable production can be sustainable if water, soil, pests and disease are managed appropriately. The study in area B, was conducted in six villages situated in the four municipalities within the two districts of the Limpopo Province in South Africa. The study investigated vegetable production systems and consumption patterns as determinants of food security amongst small-scale vegetable farmers. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 52 respondents for this study. The sample size was calculated using Slovin’s formula. Data was collected through a questionnaire and other information through direct observation. Data was analysed using the statistical package for social sciences. The study revealed that 65.38% of the participants were males 42.31% had an average age of 51-61 years and had 5-10 years farming experience. The study shows that male respondents 63.46% had secondary education and are more than females, and 71.16% had dependants ranging from five to above nine per household. The majority 92.31% own land for vegetable cultivation and more respondents who own land are males while 65.38% cultivating vegetables on land size ranging from 1-2 hectares. Most farmers (71.15%) cultivated a variety of vegetables; 90.38% grew vegetables in order to generate income; 38.46% grow vegetables because the market for vegetables is available. The study also revealed that 44.23% used drying method to preserve vegetable seeds; 90.38% used single cropping system for vegetables, and they practiced intensive vegetable production system. Vegetable preparation for food is characterised by 71% who use boiling as a cooking method while 55.77% used tomato and onion to enhance vegetable flavour and used salt to enhance vegetable taste. The study noted that 48.07% experienced pest infestation and high inputs costs as the main constraints in vegetable production. Vegetable consumption is characterised by 40.38% who consumed vegetables once per week; the 51.92% preferred to eat leafy vegetables than other vegetables. Most of the respondents (55.77%) were encouraged to eat vegetables that were appropriately cooked. The study also noted that adult women (38.46%) consume vegetable in the family, and they consumed 50-100g of vegetable per day. The study shows that 57.69% preserved vegetables by drying, because it is the cheapest method. The results of the study show that a variety of vegetables produced, and preservation are the main determinants of food security in the study area. The study in area C, was conducted in four villages, three from Thulamela municipality and one in Maruleng municipality. The objective of the study was to analyse climate change mitigation strategies adopted by small-scale farmers towards a sustainable vegetable production and resilient from food shortages in Limpopo Province. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 52 respondents for this study. The size of the sample was calculated using Lovin’s formula. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire and direct observations. Data was analysed using the statistical package for social sciences. Results of the study revealed that more (53.85%) women participate in vegetable production. The study also shows that 59.62% had an average of 51-61 and above 61years of age. The 61.54% had secondary education. The 90.38% had no qualification in agriculture. The majority (67.31%) cultivate their crops on 1-2ha. The 81.76% have moderate ability to high ability to adapt to climate change. The majority of the respondents (88.46%) rate decrease in quality of irrigation water, decrease in soil fertility and increased soil erosion as factors that lead to land degradation due to climate change. The 86.54% view drought, high temperatures and more pests as rare events as a result of climate change. The 61.54% experienced a slight decrease in summer rainfall patterns. The adaptation to change in summer rainfall is mitigated by planting drought resistance vegetable crops and irrigating frequently to adapt to that change. The 61.54% experienced increased pest infestation due to climate change and they noticed an increase in the use of pesticides to adapt. An increase in winter temperature was noticed by 80.77% of farmers and 67.32% adapt by growing cool season vegetables. Changes in summer temperatures was noticed by 90.30% who experienced an increase in summer temperatures due to climate change. The respondents are aware that local authorities are concerned about climate change and other activities such as soil mining, veld fires and tree cutting that may be contributing to climate change. Strategies in response to climate changes include knowing about the importance of weather and climate change forecasts. The 57.69% say forecasting helps them to plan planting dates, others say it helps them to make a choice of vegetable varieties and to project rainfall distribution. The majority (84.62%) use Radio and TV as their main source of information about weather and climate. Farmers in the study area apply Climate-smart agriculture technologies including crop rotation by 71.15%, others use mixed cropping, mulching, no till, crop residue, contours to counter the impact of climate change. They also use climate smart agriculture for increased productivity, 51.92% use hybrid seeds, pesticides and fertilisers. The CSA soil fertility technologies are the use of manure (52%), others use crop residue and mulching. Types of fertilisers used, 63.46% use both organic and inorganic fertilisers. Water saving technologies feature 50% who use water harvesting technology as a way of saving water, few use mulching for soils to retain moisture longer. The results of the study show that 59.62% of the respondents use ridges/terraces to control soil erosion, and others use contour planting, other use grass strips. Risks posed by climate change are identified amongst others as reduced crop yield reduced, amount of rain, floods and rise in temperatures. The 63.46% minimise risks by using crop diversification and use hybrid seeds. The study shows that farmers in the study area are aware of the climate change and the related factors. They are also applying CSA technologies as mitigation strategies to ensure sustainable food supply. However, there is a need to support small-scale farmers with improved technologies for them to be able to mitigate and cope with climate change challenges. The study in area D, was conducted in five villages, the three villages in Vhembe District, and two villages in Mopani District. The objective of the study was to assess the potential of African Indigenous Vegetables (AIVs) towards the formation of a commercial, nutritional and sustainable production system. A total of 53 small-scale vegetable farmers were randomly sampled using a multi-stage cluster sampling procedure. Sample size was calculated using Slovin’s formula. Data was collected by means of a questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics. The study revealed that more women (64.15%) participated in the production of AIVs. The 54.72% of the respondents supplied AIVs all-year round. Some respondents (49.06%) grow AIVs for home consumption, while 64.15% are encouraged to grow AIVs because they are well adapted to the area, easy to grow and have short growing period. About 60% of the respondents indicated that AIVs are highly consumed by adults and pregnant women in the families. The study revealed that 90.57% of the respondents could harvest and sell 1-2 tons of AIVs per season. About 57% of the respondents benefited from all types of markets, local, farm stalls and high value markets. The study showed that 86.79% of the farmers in the study area received support from the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, in the form of advice, and production inputs. The results of the study confirm that there is a potential for the formation of a nutritional and a commercial production system from AIVs in the study area because the market of AIVs is growing. The study in area E, was conducted in the eight villages, three of Vhembe District, and five villages of Mopani District. The objective of the study was to identify and analyse the opportunities and constraints of a wide adaptation to organic vegetable production systems by small-scale farmers. A total of 52 small-scale vegetable farmers were randomly sampled using a multi-stage cluster sampling procedures. Sample size was calculated using Slovin’s formula. Data was collected through a questionnaire and analysed using the SPSS. The female respondents (55.77%) participated in vegetable production. The study shows that 21.15% of women attended secondary-level education. The study shows that farmers in the study area have experience ranging from 11-21 yeas. The study also revealed that 61.54% of the respondents have access to land they own, lease and communal use. The study also showed that the respondents have dependents ranging from 1-above 9 in number. The study shows that farmers use fertilisers, crop rotation and practicing intercropping in order to promote soil fertility. The study shows that the respondents apply livestock manure, poultry manure and other types to boost their vegetables. It was also revealed that farmers are aware that pesticides are not healthy, and they use protective clothing, and wash their hands with soap after use. Weed is controlled manually. The respondents agreed that organic market has a potential of growth, while others say there is shortage of local organic markets. The study revealed that 80.77% of the respondents considered organic farming (OF) as more profitable, and 78.85% say that it saves on production costs. The study showed that 75.00% of the respondents believed that organic products fetch higher prices. About 53.85% had moderate knowledge of organic farming, while 65.38% were ready to receive technical skills on organic farming (OF). The study captured that 75% viewed conversion to organics as expensive while 44.23% were willing to convert to organic farming in the near future. The results of this study show that there are opportunities in farming on organic vegetables if the constraints and difficulties identified in the study area are dealt with. It is concluded that vegetable production in the study area is sustainable but can improve further by exploiting the opportunities presented by this sector, however, needs support where the needs and necessities are identified, so that it continues contributing in feeding the nation and generating income for the livelihoods of the small-scale farmers.