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Open Access
Subjective strands in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court and related implications for civil society
(University of the Free State, 2024) Matthee, Keith S. C.; de Freitas, Shaun A.
From 1994 up until now, the Constitutional Court has been making decisions which continue to reshape the moral landscape of South Africa. During this period, it has entered many of the spaces, whether private or public, of people living in South Africa as it continues to make decisions on profoundly moral issues. Included in this moral reshaping of South African society are subjective strands in the jurisprudence of justices of the Constitutional Court. Having said this, there is nothing novel regarding subjectivity in court judgments (and regarding the formulation and application of the law in general). How law decides on matters of moral importance differs from society to society and amongst various communities, and even between judges involved in the same case. American Realism and Critical Legal Studies (CLS) are good examples taken from the not-too-distant past, confirming the inextricable relationship between subjectivity and the courts. This study does not purport to be novel in the sense of having discovered the absence of objectivity regarding law and its application, nor does this study delve into debates related to law against the background of universality or natural law thinking. What this study is, in essence, comprised of is an extraction from selected judgments of central subjective views emanating from the Constitutional Court. Bearing this in mind, the reader is reminded (or enlightened) of the fact that the South African Constitution is understood and applied in accordance with the subjective views of the justices who are tasked with the challenging and important task of protecting the plethora of interests in a highly plural society. But what is the added contribution to be made other than bringing to the fore the said subjective strands regarding views on what the Constitution is telling us beyond the written text, especially regarding the values and rights included in the Constitution? Since the advent of the Constitution, there have been several attestations emanating from civil society pointing to an acceptance of the understanding that the Constitutional Court justices are the exclusive mouthpieces of the Constitution. In this thesis, the focus is primarily on expressions stemming from the Church (as an integral part of civil society) that confirm this reliance on the Constitutional Court justices as being the exclusive mouthpieces of the Constitution. Therefore, in effect, the understanding is promoted that the gatekeepers of how the Constitution should be understood are the justices of the Constitutional Court. This, in turn runs the risk of assisting in the limitation of a participatory (and activist) role of the Church and other religious communities, indeed of wider civil society, pertaining to what the moral vision for the country should be. In many instances, parts of civil society argue that it is for lawyers to extrapolate the value system they opine is reflected in the Constitution, as it is only they who have the necessary training, experience and expertise as lawyers. If civil society simply keeps deferring to the Constitutional Court on this issue, in effect, it is abdicating its participatory (and activist) role on profoundly moral matters such as the meaning of human life, marriage, punishment, the disciplining of children, adultery, abortion and many other matters which demand civil society’s input. It is contended that if civil society, and indeed the Constitutional Court itself, grasped the reality of the subjective nature of views emanating from that court, it would assist in clearing the path towards an improved engagement by civil society with the State (including the Constitutional Court), on important (and less important) moral matters. It is also argued that this awareness of the subjective nature of views emanating from the Constitutional Court is inextricably related to the teaching of law to our future jurists, leaders and members of civil society.
Open Access
Die geskiedenis van die St. Andrew-skool, Bloemfontein
(Universiteit van die Vrystaat, 1953) Du Toit, Johannes Hendrik; Botma, J. P.
Die geskiedenis van die St. Andrew-skool kan in twee duidelike tydperke afgebaken word. Die skoal is in 1863 gestig en alhoewel dit soms maar 'n wankelbare bestaan gevoer het, het dit bly voortbestaan tot in 1899 toe dit kort na die uitbreek van die oorlog gesluit is. Daar is herhaaldelik pogings aangewend om die skool in die daaropvolgende Jare te heropen, maar weens 'n gebrek aan fondse kon nie een van hierdie pogings slaag nie. Dit was eers in 1916 dat die Engelse gemeenskap vir hulle volgehoue stryd beloon is. Teen die einde van die jaar is daar weer met die St. Andrew-skool 'n begin gemaak. In die 19e eeu moes daar dikwels aan die kant van die Anglikaanse Kerk groat opofferings gemaak word om die skool aan die gang te hou. Ten spyte van die felt dat daar skynbaar 'n baie goeie gesindheid tussen lede van die Volksraad en die Raad van Opvoeding, die liggaam wat in beheer van die St. Andrew-kollege was, bestaan het, is die versoekskrifte om staatsondersteuning vir die skool meestal van die hand gewys. Af en toe is klein toelaes die skool aangebied, maar die grootste deel van die onkoste moes deur die Anglikaanse Kerk, wat natuurlik groot steun uit Engeland geniet het, gedra word. Die gevolg was dat die skool, wat gedurig in mededinging met die staatsondersteunde Grey-kollege was en gevolglik die skoolgelde so laag moontlik moes hou, in die maer jare maar noustrop getrek het. Die goeie werk en dienste wat deur die skool tot die opvoeding van die jeug gelewer is, tesame met die tradisie wat deur die jare opgebou is, behoort daartoe aanleiding te gee dat die skool nog meer vrugte in die toekoms afwêro as wat in die verlede die geval was.
Open Access
Evaluating the impacts of local dumping site pollution on arthropods and a quest for novel soil fungal species with potential plastic bioremediation capabilities in the Eastern region of Free State, South Africa
(University of the Free State, 2024) Kheswa, Nozipho; Dube, Nontembeko; Gokul, Arun
Most municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in South Africa fail to meet regulatory standards due to resource constraints in municipalities and the increasing volume of waste generated by households and local industries. Landfills are designed to contain waste and prevent leachate from contaminating the surrounding environment; however, poor management can lead to severe environmental damage and public health risks. Studies in the Free State province indicate that most landfills are non-compliant with regulations, contributing significantly to environmental pollution. The Maluti-a-Phofung municipality, for example, faces substantial waste management challenges, with only 25% of households receiving regular refuse collection services, leading to illegal dumping and unmanaged waste sites near residential areas, heightening environmental and health risks. Leachate from landfills contaminates soil and water, adversely affecting ecosystems and human health, and improper compaction and containment of waste is a major operational shortcoming. Ecotoxicologists assess the heavy metal concentrations to evaluate potential ecological risks in terrestrial environments and assess the impact when these concentrations are concerning. Furthermore, plastic waste, which is more resistant to degradation compared to organic matter, poses significant threats to terrestrial and aquatic life. Despite the urgency of these challenges, the environmental and health hazards of poorly managed landfills remain under-researched in South Africa. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of landfills by measuring heavy metal concentrations in soil samples from an active landfill site in Harrismith (H-landfill) and a dormant landfill site in Phuthaditjhaba (P-landfill); assess the toxicity impact of landfill soils on ground-dwelling organisms such as earthworms and collembolans through ecotoxicological tests. Both sites are in close proximity to households and are unregulated. This study also examined how these landfills impact arthropod assemblages during wet and dry seasons, as arthropods are vital bioindicators for assessing the effects of anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, the potential for bioremediation using local fungal isolates was explored. Results showed that heavy metals, including copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), and chromium (Cr), exceeded permissible limits for soil, irrigation, and agricultural use. The study revealed that lead (Pb), a highly toxic element with no biological function, had concentrations above allowable limits. Ecotoxicological tests revealed that 65% of earthworms exhibited avoidance behaviour at the Harrismith landfill, indicating higher toxicity at this site, while 80% did not avoid the Phuthaditjhaba landfill, likely due to lower heavy metal concentrations. Collembolan reproductive rates did not show significant differences between landfill and control soils, suggesting low sensitivity to sublethal toxicity. These findings underscore the environmental hazards associated with landfill contamination, particularly the presence of toxic heavy metals above permissible limits and highlight the need for restoration efforts following landfill closure to prevent ecological and public health risks. Arthropods were collected using pitfall traps during wet and dry seasons. Eleven arthropod taxa were recorded in landfills compared to nine in control sites, with significant representation from the orders Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Araneae. A total of 10 547 arthropods was recorded from Harrismith and Phuthaditjhaba landfills. Arthropod abundance and diversity were notably higher in landfill sites, especially during the wet season, with 9354 individuals recorded compared to 3684 in control sites. In contrast, the dry season yielded fewer individuals, with 1193 in landfills versus 788 in control sites. Dipteran families such as Muscidae, Simulidae, and Calliphoridae were more abundant in landfill sites and are known for their medical importance, indicating potential public health risks. These findings demonstrate that landfills attract arthropod families that may affect human health and suggest that waste and pollution in landfills support diverse arthropod communities, particularly detritivores, which were less common in control sites. This study is the first to report arthropod assemblages in the landfill sites in the country. The high insect populations and the prevalence of dipteran families point to poor waste management practices and indicate the dual impact of these species as potential disease vectors and decomposers. Eighteen fungal isolates were identified, nine of which demonstrated the ability to degrade polyethylene (PE) plastic, a common environmental pollutant. The most effective strains, viz., 𝘗𝘦𝘯𝘪𝘤𝘪𝘭𝘭𝘪𝘶𝘮 𝘤𝘩𝘳𝘺𝘴𝘰𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘶𝘮 SP17MK, 𝘈𝘴𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘪𝘭𝘭𝘶𝘴 𝘤𝘳𝘦𝘣𝘦𝘳 SP6MK, and 𝘌𝘯𝘨𝘺𝘥𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘶𝘮 𝘢𝘭𝘣𝘶𝘮 SP3MK, caused over 20% weight loss in PE plastic. FTIR analysis revealed significant changes in the plastic's chemical structure, with reductions in absorption peaks at 719 and 1472 cm⁻¹, indicating degradation. Additionally, 𝘋𝘪𝘥𝘺𝘮𝘰𝘴𝘱𝘩𝘢𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘢 𝘷𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘢𝘣𝘪𝘭𝘦 SP11INT and 𝘓𝘦𝘤𝘢𝘯𝘪𝘤𝘪𝘭𝘭𝘪𝘶𝘮 𝘤𝘰𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘱𝘩𝘪𝘭𝘶𝘮 SP7MK were discovered for the first time as potential plastic-degrading fungi. These findings suggest that local fungal species can be utilized in waste management strategies to mitigate plastic pollution in landfill sites. Use of fungal isolates for plastic bioremediation now has a record in South Africa. The identification of fungal isolates with plastic-degrading potential offers a promising avenue for bioremediation and highlights the importance of exploring local microorganisms as part of sustainable solutions to plastic pollution. Further research is needed to optimise these fungal species for large-scale environmental applications and waste management strategies.
Open Access
Invasive status of pampas grass in South Africa
(University of the Free State, 2024) Mbele, Thembelihle Joyce; Canavan, K.; Steenhuisen, S.
Two 𝘊𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘢 species, 𝘊. 𝘫𝘶𝘣𝘢𝘵𝘢 and 𝘊. 𝘴𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘰𝘢𝘯𝘢 have become invasive outside their native range, including in South Africa. They were introduced to South Africa for ornamental use, erosion control and stabilising mine-dumps. They have long escaped containment and spread throughout the country, invading grasslands, roadsides, wastelands, rivers and seasonally wet habitats. Little is known regarding their distribution, seed viability and whether accurate identifications have been made of the 𝘊𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘢 species in South Africa, which may hinder effective management. Although the national regulations forbid the trade of pampas grass, the continuing popularity of their inflorescences for home décor and special events is of concern. While nurseries have stopped the sale of the plants, inflorescences are still being sold through retail and informal trade. This study aimed to assess the invasion risk posed by pampas grass in South Africa and distinguish between the different species across their invaded range using molecular techniques. Leaf and seed samples were collected from 79 populations across South Africa. Eight microsatellite primers were used to assess the genetic variation across 𝘊𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘢a populations. Seed viability and germination success were assessed for seeds from 28 naturalised and 13 traded inflorescences using a triphenyl tetrazolium stain, and germination trials in a growth chamber and greenhouse. Impacts and risks of 𝘊. 𝘫𝘶𝘣𝘢𝘵𝘢 and 𝘊. 𝘴𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘰𝘢𝘯𝘢 in South Africa were assessed using version 1.2 Risk Analysis for Alien Taxa (RAAT) framework. Microsatellite confirmed the presence of 𝘊. 𝘫𝘶𝘣𝘢𝘵𝘢 and 𝘊. 𝘴𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘰𝘢𝘯𝘢 in South Africa and that 𝘊. 𝘴𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘰𝘢𝘯𝘢 populations have higher genetic diversity compared to 𝘊𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘢 from other invaded regions. Tetrazolium tests found that 𝘊. 𝘴𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘰𝘢𝘯𝘢 (71.66 %) had higher seed viability than 𝘊. 𝘫𝘶𝘣𝘢𝘵𝘢 (54.28 %). Assessments of germination trials in a growth chamber revealed that 𝘊. 𝘫𝘶𝘣𝘢𝘵𝘢 (68.89%) had a higher proportion of seeds germinate compared to 𝘊. 𝘫𝘶𝘣𝘢𝘵𝘢 (52.62 %) but this difference was not statistically significant. Seed germination under greenhouse experiments also found 𝘊. 𝘴𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘰𝘢𝘯𝘢 (79.15 %) to have higher germination success compared to 𝘊. 𝘫𝘶𝘣𝘢𝘵𝘢 (62.54 %). Seed viability of cultivated and naturalised 𝘊𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘢 inflorescences differed significantly to formally traded inflorescences but not significant to informally traded inflorescences. Seeds from naturalised populations of both 𝘊𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘢 species had significantly higher germination success (65.69 %, 74.35 %) than the formally (25.00 %, 5.33 %) and informally traded populations (28.75 %, 35.56 %) under growth chamber and greenhouse experiments, respectively. Viability and germination success of seeds from cultivated 𝘊𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘢 inflorescences were statistically similar to naturalised inflorescences while those from formally traded inflorescences performed statistically similar to seeds from informally traded inflorescences across triphenyl tetrazolium stain, growth chamber and greenhouse experiments. The risk analysis assessments determined that both 𝘊. 𝘫𝘶𝘣𝘢𝘵𝘢 and 𝘊. 𝘴𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘰𝘢𝘯𝘢 have major impacts and a high risk of invasion in South Africa with medium ease of management. Determining the invasion risk posed by pampas grass in South Africa has provided important information on managing these species. Biological control is species-specific; therefore, this study has provided information that will guide the biological control programme of pampas grass in South Africa and future research can focus on finding potential biocontrol agents. Seed viability and germination experiments established that when seeds are present on flowers, most of them are viable and that traded inflorescences’ seeds are not sterile and can thus be promoting invasion and further spread of 𝘊𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘢 species. Effective management of 𝘊𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘢 species must focus on enforcing legislation to stop this pathway of spread.
Open Access
Demographics of alien willows in the Grassland Biome of South Africa
(University of the Free State, 2024) Mashamba, Tapiwanashe; Steenhuisen, Sandy-Lynn; Martin, Grant; Payne, Stephanie
Invasive alien species present a critical threat to biodiversity, ecosystem services, and agricultural productivity worldwide. This study examines the distribution, demographic dynamics, and ecological impacts of 𝘚𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘹 𝘣𝘢𝘣𝘺𝘭𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘤𝘢 L. (weeping willow) and 𝘚𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘹 𝘧𝘳𝘢𝘨𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘴 L. (crack willow) within the Grassland biome of the Eastern Free State, South Africa. These invasive species, introduced for ornamental and functional purposes, have shown extensive colonization, particularly in riparian zones, where they outcompete native vegetation and alter hydrological processes. The research combines historical and contemporary data sources to evaluate changes in the population structure and spatial distribution of these species over time. Using aerial photographs from 1984 and 2023, supplemented with roadside surveys and Google Street View (GSV) analysis, the study provides an assessment of the species’ demographics. Additionally, field-based verification of GSV-derived data validates its utility as a cost-effective tool for mapping and monitoring invasive alien plants. The study confirms that 𝘚. 𝘣𝘢𝘣𝘺𝘭𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘤𝘢 and 𝘚. 𝘧𝘳𝘢𝘨𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘴 remain prevalent along watercourses, roadsides, and disturbed areas, with 𝘚. 𝘣𝘢𝘣𝘺𝘭𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘤𝘢 exhibiting a broader distribution along roadsides with approximately 50% of the sites having a population size of 1-5 trees. Although 𝘚. 𝘧𝘳𝘢𝘨𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘴 is not as widely distributed as 𝘚. 𝘣𝘢𝘣𝘺𝘭𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘤𝘢 it dominates the areas in which it is found, forming pure stands; 56% of the sites surveyed consisted of 6 or more trees. Gender analyses of 𝘚. 𝘣𝘢𝘣𝘺𝘭𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘤𝘢 populations reveal a predominance of female trees which suggests that its propagation is mainly asexual. The demographic study done through road surveys and GSV reveals limited recruitment of 𝘚. 𝘣𝘢𝘣𝘺𝘭𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘤𝘢 in recent decades, suggesting a potential decline in its invasive potential with almost 80% of the population consisting of adult or dying trees. In contrast, 𝘚. 𝘧𝘳𝘢𝘨𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘴 populations display a continuous expansion with healthy recruitment, with 44% of the trees recorded as seedlings, young trees, or mature trees. This expansion indicates that 𝘚. 𝘧𝘳𝘢𝘨𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘴 is now more invasive than 𝘚. 𝘣𝘢𝘣𝘺𝘭𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘤𝘢, which increases the need for a tailored management strategy to address this invasive species. The research also investigates interactions between invasive willows and invertebrate communities. Surveys at selected sites document the presence of 348 individual insects and one arachnid, representing 21 families, with 14 species associated with both willow species. Another finding was the presence of crown galls on 27.5% on the 𝘚. 𝘣𝘢𝘣𝘺𝘭𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘤𝘢 population surveyed. Invasive willows provide habitat and resources for certain insect populations. Some of these insects, specifically 𝘗𝘭𝘢𝘨𝘪𝘰𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘯𝘢 𝘥𝘪𝘴𝘤𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘳, 𝘛𝘶𝘣𝘦𝘳𝘰𝘭𝘢𝘤𝘩𝘯𝘶𝘴 𝘴𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘯𝘶𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘏𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘥𝘪𝘢 𝘲𝘶𝘢𝘥𝘳𝘪𝘮𝘢𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘢, along with gall-inducing bacteria (potentially 𝘈𝘨𝘳𝘰𝘣𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘶𝘮 𝘵𝘶𝘮𝘦𝘧𝘢𝘤𝘪𝘦𝘯𝘴), recorded within the 𝘚. 𝘣𝘢𝘣𝘺𝘭𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘤𝘢 populations could be resulting in the decline of this invasive species. This study explored the use of ArcGIS and GSV, to assess invasive tree distributions and potential of these tools to monitor the spread of invasive trees over time. The comparison of historical and current data reveals significant efficiency of GSV as a monitoring tool, offering a cheap and quick approach to invasive species management in resource-limited settings. Policy implications of the findings are discussed with reference to South African legislation, including the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (CARA) of 1983 and the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (NEMBA). 𝘚𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘹 𝘣𝘢𝘣𝘺𝘭𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘤𝘢 and 𝘚. 𝘧𝘳𝘢𝘨𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘴 have been classified as Category 2 invaders under CARA but are not found under the NEMBA Act. This may result in challenges in effectively controlling 𝘚. 𝘣𝘢𝘣𝘺𝘭𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘤𝘢 and 𝘚. 𝘧𝘳𝘢𝘨𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘴. This dissertation contributes to the field of biological invasions by providing an updated assessment of invasive willows in the Grassland biome, thereby offering insights for land managers, conservationists, and policymakers. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of integrating historical data and modern geospatial tools, as an informative approach to develop effective management solutions for invasive alien plants. The methodological framework and findings presented herein offer valuable lessons for addressing invasive species challenges in similar ecological contexts globally.
Open Access
The effect of milk replacers containing fermented plant protein and a higher carbohydrate content on the growth performance and profitability of Holstein bull calves
(University of the Free State, 2025) Kriel, Elsa Ena; Einkamerer, Ockert Bernard; van Zyl, Johannes Hendrik Combrink
𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒉 The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological and economic viability of alternative milk replacers for Holstein bull calves, focusing on high-carbohydrate and fermented plant protein-based formulations. The primary goals were to assess the impact of these alternatives on calf growth, health, and profitability by identify the most cost-effective options for farmers. 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟯 investigate the effects of fermented plant protein (FP) and increased carbohydrate (HC) levels in milk replacers on calf growth performance. Four different milk replacers were formulated: a conventional replacer (A), one with 20% fermented plant protein (B), a high-carbohydrate replacer (C), and a high-carbohydrate replacer with 20% fermented protein (D). These milk replacers were tested in a 77-day trial (TP, total phase) involving 32 Holstein bull calves, which were randomly assigned to four treatments (n = 8). The trial was divided into two phases: Phase 1 (P1, days 0–63), where milk replacers were fed, and Phase 2 (P2, a two-week post-weaning period), designed to evaluate weaning shock. Milk replacer intake was controlled, while starter meal intake was offered 𝘢𝘥 𝘭𝘪𝘣𝘪𝘵𝘶𝘮. Growth performance metrics such as weight gain, dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), DMI as a percentage of body weight (DMI/BW%), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were analysed using a factorial ANOVA. An interaction was observed for TP FCR (P = 0.036). Except for controlled milk replacer intake and P2 DMI/BW% and P2 FCR, milk replacers containing FP generally resulted in poorer performance (P < 0.05) compared to milk replacers containing standard protein (SP). The lower performance was attributed to the higher levels of trypsin inhibitors present in the FP, which negatively impacted calf growth. High-carbohydrate milk replacers promoted greater starter meal intake during all phases (P < 0.05) and is recommended. Fermented protein should only be considered when the fermentation process is improved to reduce trypsin inhibitor levels to below 4 mg/g of protein. 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟰 shifts focus to the financial analysis, comparing the cost-effectiveness of the different milk replacers (A, B, C and D). Financial parameters such as total cost, average daily cost (ADC), cost per weight gain (Cost/WD), and income from the sale of calves were assessed. In terms of overall cost and ADC, treatment D was the most economical, with a total feeding cost of R2739.40 per calf for TP. However, when factoring in feed conversion ratio (FCR), treatment C was the most costeffective, with the highest income and lowest cost per unit weight gain (R58.83), although not significantly different when compared to Treatments A and D. 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟱 extends the financial analysis by exploring the use of girth circumference weight estimation tapes as an alternative to expensive electronic scales. This method is valuable for calf management, as weight is crucial for feed management and medication protocols. The study found that while the specific tape used in the trial overestimated calf weights, it holds potential as a lowcost alternative, with further refinement needed. The data collected can contribute to the development of a larger database to improve future weight prediction tools. 𝗜𝗻 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗹𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻, this study demonstrates that high-carbohydrate milk replacers are a viable and costeffective alternative to conventional formulations, offering potential cost savings without sacrificing calf growth performance. While fermented plant protein showed promise as a cost-effective protein source, its effectiveness in this trial was reduced by the presence of trypsin inhibitors, which could be addressed through improved processing methods. Additionally, Chapter 5's exploration of girth circumference measurement as a cost-effective weight estimation tool further supports the economic viability of alternative approaches to calf rearing. The findings highlight the need for ongoing research to optimize these alternatives and improve profitability in the dairy industry. ___________________________________________________________________
Open Access
Pilot-scale wastewater surveillance for pathogenic yeasts in Mangaung, South Africa
(University of the Free State, 2025) Baker, Tyla; Pohl-Albertyn, C. H.; Albertyn, J.; Musoke, J.
Considering the emerging concern posed by invasive fungal infections, it is important to study the dissemination and proliferation of pathogenic fungal species in the environment. It is crucial to identify major vectors that aid in the spread or act as a hub for pathogenic yeasts in order to prevent infections in susceptible individuals, which mainly include individuals who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed. 𝘊𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘥𝘢, 𝘊𝘳𝘺𝘱𝘵𝘰𝘤𝘰𝘤𝘤𝘶𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘙𝘩𝘰𝘥𝘰𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘶𝘭𝘢 species are commonly found in a variety of water sources with which humans are in frequent contact through daily activities like bathing, washing clothes and cooking. The World Health Organisation has recently published a list of priority pathogens in which fungi are classified into critical, high and medium-priority groups. 𝘊𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘥𝘢 species are found in all three levels and 𝘊𝘳𝘺𝘱𝘵𝘰𝘤𝘰𝘤𝘤𝘶𝘴 species are in critical and medium groups. This further warrants the investigation into the possibility that infections may occur through contact with yeastcontaminated water. In addition, the close association between antifungal pollutants and yeast in water may induce antifungal resistance development, further complicating the effective treatment of these infections. Thus, it is important to investigate the presence and antifungal susceptibility of yeast found in water as well as to identify ways to monitor potential fungal outbreaks, including through wastewater surveillance. This review deals with the occurrence and infection risks posed by pathogenic yeasts in water as well as the possibility of these yeasts acquiring antifungal resistance due to the simultaneous presence of antifungal compounds from medical and agricultural runoff.
Open Access
Differential expression of microRNAs in drought-stressed sorghum roots
(University of the Free State, 2024) Hlakotsa, Ntumeleng Malefa Mamokoakoa Selinah; Ngara, Rudo; Swanevelder, Dirk Z. H.
Sorghum (𝘚𝘰𝘳𝘨𝘩𝘶𝘮 𝘣𝘪𝘤𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘳) is an important source of food, fibre, and fuel. While it is a drought-tolerant crop, its yield is still affected by drought stress, threatening food security. Therefore, there is a need to study the drought responses of plants to develop more drought-resilient crops. This study aimed to identify drought-responsive microRNAs in sorghum roots to understand the gene regulatory processes in drought stressed sorghum. ICSB 338 (drought-susceptible) and SA 1441 (drought-tolerant) sorghum seeds were germinated and grown for three weeks with adequate watering. Subsequently, the plants were divided into two groups: A drought-stressed group, where water was withheld for 15 and 28 days to induce mild and moderate drought stress, respectively, and a control group that continued to receive adequate watering. The results showed a significant decrease in pot weight, soil moisture content, and stomatal conductance for both sorghum varieties under drought stress conditions. The leaf relative water content of ICSB 338, significantly declined following the 15 and 28 days of drought stress treatment compared to the controls. The physiological responses of the two sorghum varieties differed, with ICSB 338 being more affected by drought stress than the SA 1441. The molecular responses of sorghum to drought stress were investigated using small RNA sequencing performed on the watered controls and drought-stressed root samples of both varieties. The MGI DNBSEQ-G400 sequencing technology was used to identify the differentially expressed microRNAs. A total of 81 and 83 constitutively expressed miRNAs were identified in the watered control samples of ICSB 338 and SA 1441, respectively. Among these constitutively expressed miRNAs, 73 were common in both sorghum varieties, while eight and 10 miRNAs were unique to ICSB 338 and SA 1441, respectively. The analysis also revealed that four of the constitutively expressed microRNAs were differentially expressed between ICSB 338 and SA 1441 plants (p ≤ 0.05). The target genes of the constitutively expressed sorghum root microRNAs were predicted using the psRNATarget database, which also revealed that most of the miRNA inhibited their target genes through messenger RNA cleavage. Gene Ontology analysis of the target genes revealed that the constitutively expressed microRNAs regulate a wide range of genes with diverse cellular locations, molecular functions and biological processes in sorghum roots. Drought-responsive microRNAs (p ≤ 0.05) were identified using the CLC Genomics Workbench software (Qiagen) by comparing the watered controls and drought-stressed miRNAs using the Differential Expression for RNA-seq tool. Out of the 111 identified miRNAs in both varieties, only four and nine miRNAs were differentially expressed in ICSB 338 and SA 1441, respectively. miRNAs sbi-miR6233-3p and sbi-miR821a were up-regulated, while sbi-miR5566 and sbi-miR6224a-5p were down-regulated in ICSB 338 sorghum roots. Bioinformatics analyses predicted a 𝘗𝘶𝘵𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘦 𝘤𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘪𝘯 𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘦𝘮𝘣𝘭𝘺 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘵𝘦𝘪𝘯 𝘈𝘵5𝘨57200 gene as a potential target for sbi-miR6233-3p, while sbi-miR821a targeted an unknown gene. The targets for sbi-miR5566 and sbi-miR6224a-5p were an 𝘜𝘯𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘻𝘦𝘥 𝘓𝘖𝘊8057912 and 𝘜𝘯𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘻𝘦𝘥 𝘓𝘖𝘊8055016, respectively. For SA 1441, two microRNAs (sbi-miR5564c-5p and sbi-miR6232b-3p) were up-regulated while seven (sbi-miR168, sbi-miR2118-5p, sbi-miR395a, sbi-miR5387b, sbi-miR5568c-3p, sbi-miR6229-5p, sbi-miR6235-5p) were down-regulated. The descriptions of the predicted target genes of SA 1441 included 𝘕𝘈𝘊 𝘥𝘰𝘮𝘢𝘪𝘯-𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘢𝘪𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘵𝘦𝘪𝘯 83, 𝘓𝘰𝘸 𝘢𝘧𝘧𝘪𝘯𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘴𝘶𝘭𝘧𝘢𝘵𝘦 𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘴𝘱𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘦𝘳 3, 𝘓𝘦𝘢𝘧 𝘳𝘶𝘴𝘵 10 𝘥𝘪𝘴𝘦𝘢𝘴𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘭𝘰𝘤𝘶𝘴 𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘦𝘱𝘵𝘰𝘳 𝘭𝘪𝘬𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘵𝘦𝘪𝘯 𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘢𝘴𝘦 𝘭𝘪𝘬𝘦 2.1, 𝘊𝘦𝘭𝘭 𝘥𝘪𝘷𝘪𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘤𝘺𝘤𝘭𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘵𝘦𝘪𝘯 123 𝘩𝘰𝘮𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨, and 𝘐𝘯𝘥𝘰𝘭𝘦-3-𝘢𝘤𝘦𝘵𝘢𝘭𝘥𝘦𝘩𝘺𝘥𝘦 𝘰𝘹𝘪𝘥𝘢𝘴𝘦. Overall, the findings of the current study contribute to our knowledge of the mechanisms sorghum uses to cope with drought stress.
Open Access
Physiological, biochemical and molecular analyses of the drought stress responses of two contrasting wheat varieties
(University of the Free State, 2024) Moloi, Sellwane Jeanette; Ngara, Rudo; Chivasa, Stephen
Wheat (𝘛𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘶𝘮 𝘢𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘶𝘮) is the second most widely grown cereal crop worldwide. It is primarily used for human consumption, animal feed, and industrial biofuels. However, the production of wheat is negatively affected by drought, and current climate models are predicting more frequent and severe drought episodes in the future. As such, agricultural productivity will be negatively affected. Therefore, understanding plant responses among plant varieties with different drought phenotypes could help identify traits related to drought tolerance and aid in developing more drought-tolerant crops. This study compared the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of the drought-tolerant (BW35695) and drought-susceptible (BW4074) wheat varieties to drought stress. The wheat plants were grown in potting soil for two weeks in a growth chamber before withholding water for 28 days. Drought stress significantly decreased soil moisture content in the water-deprived pots of both varieties relative to the well-watered controls. However, there was no significant difference in soil moisture content between the varieties, suggesting comparable levels of water deficit stress. Physiological and biochemical parameters such as leaf chlorophyll, carotenoid and relative water content (RWC), lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), osmolyte content, and enzymatic antioxidant activities revealed striking differences between the varieties. The drought-tolerant wheat variety, BW35695, demonstrated remarkable resilience to the imposed drought stress by exhibiting higher leaf RWC, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and osmolyte content compared to the drought-susceptible variety, BW4074. Additionally, BW35695 mitigated drought-induced oxidative stress by enhancing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) in both leaves and roots and reduced ROS accumulation and membrane lipid damage. The leaf proteome of the wheat varieties was analysed to identify drought-responsive leaf proteins using the isobaric tags for absolute and relative quantitation (iTRAQ) method coupled with mass spectrometry. A total of 1062 and 882 leaf proteins were positively identified in BW4074 and BW35695 wheat varieties, respectively, of which 69 and 110 were drought responsive. Most of the drought-responsive leaf proteins in BW35695 were involved in energy (28%) and protein synthesis/folding/degradation (25%). For BW4074, primary metabolism (23%), energy (23%) and protein synthesis/folding/degradation (20%) were the most represented protein functional groups. The rest of the drought-responsive leaf proteins had putative functions in defence/ROS detoxification (20% and 10%), transcription (4% and 7%), secondary metabolism (6% and 3%), and cell structure (2% and 1%) in BW4074 and BW35695, respectively. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the two most significantly enriched pathways in BW4074 were alanine aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis, while photosynthesis-antennae and photosynthesis were most enriched in BW35695. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis supported the putative functional groupings data, which suggests that drought stress affects various biological processes in wheat leaves, particularly primary metabolism in BW4074 and photosynthesis in BW35695. Protein-protein interactions of the drought-responsive proteins were analysed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database. The results showed that primary metabolism and protein synthesis were the main interacting functional groups for BW4074, while photosynthesis and protein synthesis were prominently interacting in BW35695. Photosynthesis-related proteins were significantly suppressed in BW35695, possibly as a strategy to reduce ROS-induced cell damage, while protein synthesis-related proteins were increased, possibly to enhance the biosynthesis of other stress-responsive proteins. Six drought-responsive proteins were selected from the iTRAQ data for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. The gene expression results revealed that a 𝘥𝘦𝘭𝘵𝘢-1-𝘱𝘺𝘳𝘳𝘰𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘦-5-𝘤𝘢𝘳𝘣𝘰𝘹𝘺𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘦 𝘴𝘺𝘯𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘴𝘦 (𝘞5𝘈𝘊𝘔8) gene involved in proline biosynthesis significantly increased in BW4074, which correlated with the iTRAQ data. For BW35695, all six target genes were not differentially expressed, possibly suggesting that the abundances of the proteins and transcripts differentially accumulate at different time points. These qRT-PCR results, call for multi-time point experimental designs for validating iTRAQ data. Overall, the study provides insight into the drought-responsive mechanisms of BW4074 and BW35695 wheat varieties. This information can serve as a reference in studies exploring the differences between plant varieties under drought stress conditions and assist in plant breeding programmes for improved drought resilience.
Open Access
Leadership and finances in African congregations: a practical theological study of congregations in the Reformed Church in Zambia
(University of the Free State, 2024) Kalito, Michael Dennis; Mostert, Nicolaas Jacobus
This practical theological study explores the intricate relationship between leadership and finances in congregations within the Reformed Church in Zambia. This research investigates how leadership practices impact on financial management and sustainability in African congregations. The study reveals that effective leadership, characterised by financial transparency, accountability, and stewardship, is crucial in promoting optimal financial management. The research proposes that upholding these leadership tenets can create flourishing congregations. The research proposes a contextualised leadership model, integrating biblical principles and African values, to enhance financial oversight and integrity in congregations. The findings contribute to the broader discourse on leadership, finance, and sustainability in African churches, offering practical and actionable recommendations for denominational leaders, pastors, and congregational members, empowering them to influence their congregations positively. The research highlights two key recommendations for RCZ congregations. Firstly, the research recommends the need for intentional leadership development in terms of training and capacity building. Secondly, in view of the well-established RCZ financial policies, the research recommend financial stewardship, where abuse of congregation finances should be avoided by adhering to the rules that govern congregation finances.
Open Access
A model of paperless technology continuance use intention by business end-users: a dyadic perspective
(University of the Free State, 2023) Gore, Langton; Nel, J.; Human, G. J. P.
The ambiguity of paperless technology use in offices prevails, and there is a lack of paperless technology adoption information that can be used to inform strategy within the office automation industry. Office automation organisations require information on the continuance use of paperless technology to ascertain technological improvement areas and strengthen their marketing strategies. This study aimed to identify how the perception of business end-users regarding paperless technology and the buyer-supplier relationship influence their continued use of office paperless technology. By applying the behavioural reasoning theory, the study used an often overlooked behavioural theory in technology use literature and business-to-business marketing literature to investigate the continuance use of paperless technology. The model developed comprises ‘reasons for’ and ‘reasons against’ relating to technological and buyer-supplier factors that impact the continuance use intention of business end-users. Empirical data was collected using an online survey, and quantitative methodology was applied. A total of 297 responses from customers (end-users of an office automation organisation in South Africa) were statistically analysed. The results showed that both attitude towards the technology and attitude towards the supplier significantly influence the continuance use intention of paperless technology. Attitude towards the supplier had a lower influence on continuance use intention but also influenced attitude towards the technology. Compatibility, ease of use, usefulness, and reliability shortcomings were confirmed as factors influencing attitudes toward the technology. However, the influence of capability shortcomings was not statistically significant. Goal congruence, trust, commitment, and distrust were supported factors influencing attitudes toward the supplier, while the influence of opportunism was not statistically significant. The supported model contributed to theory building and enabled the development of marketing strategies and strategies to manage the paramount buyer-seller relationships.
Embargo
Destination Europe: migration governance along the Nigeria-Libya route
(University of the Free State, 2024) Oso, Adedeji Odunayo; Chibwana, Musavengana; Mushonga, Munyaradzi
While migration in terms of push-pull factors has received considerable scholarly attention (Adesina, 2021; P. Obi-Ani, Obi-Ani & Isiani, 2020; Mafu, 2019; Flahaux & De Haas, 2016; Adepoju, 2016), its governance architecture remains under-researched and under-theorised. The increasing cross-border movement along the Nigeria-Libya Route to Europe has become a significant challenge to Nigeria, Niger, Libya and countries of first entry in Europe such as Italy and Malta. Moreover, the risky journey has also led to sexual exploitation, human commodification, physical abuse, human insecurity and the death of thousands of African migrants. Consequently, this interdisciplinary study aims to diagnose and address these challenges, paradoxes, and predicaments through the lens of migration governance along the Route toward solution-driven strategies for safer, regular and effective migration management in Africa. The study deploys the World System Theory, Aspirations-Capabilities Model and Statist-Controlled Model as theoretical frameworks to understand the migration governance of the Nigeria-Libya route. Methodologically, this qualitative research employs the pragmatic paradigm to unpack the real-life challenges of migration governance to generate real-life solutions. It also adopts the case study design and qualitative content analysis. The data sets generated through the key informant interviews, in-depth interviews and online questionnaires were collected from the 20 sampled governmental actors, institutions, and stakeholders in 5 major states of southern and northern regions of Nigeria. The data sets were analysed using NVivo 14 software to critique the extant normative frameworks addressing migration challenges in Africa, understand the dynamics of migration dangers along the route, evaluate the effectiveness of migration policy frameworks and institution architecture of the transnational and national spaces of the route and uncover strategies for effective migration governance of the route. Three major categories of findings emerged. The first key findings revealed that the extant migration normative frameworks addressing the subject of migration cannot grapple with the contemporary realities of migration in the case of the Nigeria-Libya Route. The second key findings crystallised the perils of the route, which include the environmental-determinism risks (hunger, thirst, desert scare, body weakness and sickness), gender-related risks (physical abuse and sexual exploitation of migrants, forced marriage and labour, susceptibility to STDs) and migrants’ brush with death experiences (loss of organs and death). The third major findings showcased the strengths and weaknesses of target migration policies and major institutions such as the International Organization for Migration, the European Union, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States, and the Arab Maghreb Union at the transnational space. At the same time, the weaknesses and strengths of Nigeria’s migration institutional architecture and the national migration policy in the national space of the Nigeria-route were also documented in the study. The restrictive cross-border control, capacity deficits and lack of monitoring mechanisms, among others, were revealed as the drawbacks of migration governance in the transnational space of the route. Meanwhile, migrants’ agnotology, inadequate funding, restrictive visas, poor data management, and inter-agency rivalry emerged as the factors undermining migration governance architecture in Nigeria – the national space of the route. Finally, the study recommended a proposed migration governance framework (MGF) toward safe and orderly migration through pre-departure, transit, entry, and stay for effective migration governance in Africa, particularly along the Nigeria-Libya Route to Europe. The recommended framework (MGF) offers informed policies to states, migration institutions and migration policymakers in Nigeria, Niger, Libya and European countries and beyond. The MGF also encapsulates and elicits actionable strategies for migrants themselves and future researchers.
Open Access
The application of a seamless learning approach in the year 9 of the LGR-22 music curriculum using the SLED framework: a case study
(University of the Free State, 2024) Coetzer, Johannes Stephanus; de Villiers, Frelét; Hambrock, Helga
Despite numerous studies on seamless learning in education, little is known about its application in music education. In this study, I deal with a gap in the literature on the application of a seamless learning approach in the Year 9 LGR-22 Music Curriculum at a primary school in Stockholm, Sweden. To meet the differentiated needs of 21st-century students, a traditional music curriculum was modified using the Seamless Learning Experience Design (SLED) framework. A qualitative case study was used, including classroom observations, semi-structured interviews (with 13 students), end-of-lesson questionnaires (50 students) and end-of-unit reflective questionnaires (181 reflections). To consolidate my findings and develop a coherent narrative, thematic coding together with an inductive approach was used to categorise the themes within the qualitative data. The data analysis indicated that the seamless learning approach offered a range of advantages that allow for a personalised learning experience for students. In this research, I attempt to indicate the significance of teaching and learning approaches in catering to students’ content consumption, interaction, creation and presentation preferences and promoting self-directed and student-centred learning environments. Additional advantages of the way a seamless learning approach can improve a traditional music curriculum to meet the needs of contemporary students are also emphasised, rendering the learning environment more dynamic, inclusive and flexible. Helpful recommendations to teachers are provided on how to apply the SLED framework in their subjects with a view to creating pragmatic learning experiences that enhance students’ overall learning experience.
Open Access
Portrayal by a selection of South African media of Nigerians residing in South Africa
(University of the Free State, 2011) Amaechi, Celestine Emeka; Naudé, J. A.; Lake, J.
𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗸𝗴𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗥𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹𝗲 Many young (21–50 years) Nigerians are located across the length and breadth of the South African Republic. The cities of Gauteng are home to the bulk of these people from all walks of life. Unofficially, there are approximately 50 000 Nigerians living in limbo as refugees (Tromp, 2006:8). Indeed, the Nigerian community in diaspora has become part and parcel of the great nation of South Africa. In the South African community, there is a stereotyping of Nigerians with regard to issues relating to justice, crime, security and home affairs. The South African media has severely ‘accused’ Nigerians, especially those in the private sector of the economy, of causing certain suburban problems and with the mayhem often found in the city centres. That a gigantic number of 50 000 undocumented Nigerians are said to reside in South Africa, clearly supports the allegation that “foreigners are unacceptably encroaching on the informal sector and therefore on the livelihoods of our huge numbers of unemployed people” (Danso & McDonald, 2001:124). In the words of Fowler (1991:121): “It stands to reason that a newspaper is likely to project such beliefs as are conducive to the commercial success of its proprietors generally”. The South African media, i.e. television, radio and print media play a role in the entrenchment of this stereotyping. It is therefore of value to launch an investigation into how Nigerians are portrayed by the South African media, and by newspapers in particular. The project will serve as a relevant contribution to the field of Critical Linguistics (CL) and it is hoped that it will provide study material for aspiring critical linguists and teachers of language. Furthermore, as the South African print media has published widely on the activities and attitudes of Nigerian nationals residing here, it has become necessary to conduct research on this phenomenon thereby, thus setting the stage for other researchers to delve further into this domain. 𝗥𝗘𝗙𝗘𝗥 𝗧𝗢 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗗 𝗗𝗢𝗖𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗙𝗢𝗥 𝗔 𝗙𝗨𝗟𝗟 𝗦𝗨𝗠𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗬! ___________________________________________________________________
Open Access
Indigenous knowledge systems, spatial planning and planning legislation: the case of Windhoek, Namibia
(University of the Free State, 2021) Billawer, Wilson Hungiree; Nel, Verna
Since the independence of Namibia in 1990, the social problems of the low-income areas persist despite the amendments of the laws to improve their well-being. However, planning in Namibia adopted a market-led approach to solve urban problems, and the good intentions of the various new policies and programmes did not reach all the residents in urban areas. The case study of the Havana settlement, a low-income area in Windhoek containing both formal and informal sections, exemplifies the skewed relationships between planning officials and residents. Although planning focuses on the provision of services and housing in low-income areas, the Havana case study demonstrated that there are other pressing needs which planning does not take into consideration. The lack of accessible and useful community open spaces for various sociocultural activities is a major concern. As a result, increased stress levels were observed in the Havana community, with negative consequences for the well-being of both the area and its residents. Having adopted an indigenous knowledge system (IKS) lens, the study first elaborated on the past planning practices to illustrate how planning was involved in creating such deficits in the low-income areas, and how such approaches were re-adopted by the post-apartheid administrations and continue in different forms, despite amended legislation and policies. The evolution of the conventional modernist planning approaches was elaborated upon, followed by various post-modern critiques raised against planning tools such as collaborative and participatory planning practices. To foreground IKS as an alternative or complementary planning approach, the study explored various cultural open spaces of two indigenous communities as case studies. The exploration was to identify which spatial IKS, still existing and useful, could be harnessed by planning as important tools that can assist in improving the well-being of the communities in low-income areas. The two cultural open spaces, the 𝘰𝘭𝘶𝘱𝘢𝘭𝘦 of the Ovawambo community, and the 𝘰𝘮𝘶𝘷𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘢 with its 𝘰𝘬𝘶𝘳𝘶𝘶𝘰 of the Ovaherero community, provided important insights in this regard. Aspects such as community respect, well-being, cooperation, environmental respect and care, are all issues which are being taught, lived and experienced at these cultural open spaces; hence their foregrounding in this study as essential spaces. The spatial IKS aspects revealed that planning, despite being caught up in neoliberal market-led policies, could still engage local knowledges to address the plight of the majority residents in low-income areas. These spatial IKS include cultural frameworks that empower local communities to help themselves and craft a better future for themselves and their long-term well-being. The study thus proposed for these spatial IKS to be included in legislation, policies and practices in Windhoek and the rest of the country. The study was largely qualitative research. Interviews, informal discussions, group circles (focus groups) storytelling approaches, and participant observation in various traditional events were engaged to obtain as much information as possible. The findings and analysis deduced that planning policies and practices continue to exclude the marginalised urban communities such as those in Havana, some due to reliance on a single rational process of solving problems. The study revealed that spatial IKS does exist and could help planning in addressing the well-being of low-income residential areas and their residents. It is hoped that the recommendations made in this study will enable, and lead to the improvement of relations through additional IKS input, between planners and their local communities, which could eventually lead to low-income areas such as Havana to be treated differently than in its current practice form. It is in this light, and the low levels of spatial IKS research and awareness in Namibia, that suggestions were made for further research on this topic be given increased consideration.
Open Access
Corporate governance and corporate collapse: the failure of Steinhoff
(University of the Free State, 2023) De Kock, Hyla Magdalena; Snyman-Van Deventer, E.
This research will evaluate the corporate governance practices of Steinhoff International Holdings N.V. from December 2017, when the scandal started, until 30 April 2023. The assessment contains several newspaper articles that reflected the timeline of the events as they unfolded. The annual reports of Steinhoff are the most important documents that were produced by the company reflecting the corporate governance policy and practices during a specific financial year. The research aims to examine the role of corporate governance measures in South African company law to prevent future corporate collapses. The failure of Steinhoff International N.V.¹ ("Steinhoff") will serve as a case study to indicate the success or failure of corporate governance measures in South Africa.This study investigates corporate governance and the board of directors’ responsibilities in South African companies with specific reference to Steinhoff to investigate whether the directors of Steinhoff fulfilled these responsibilities. Therefore, the thesis's primary objective is to investigate and evaluate corporate governance measures and interventions in order to determine why the measures do not prevent corporate collapses. Secondly, the thesis aims to evaluate legislation and other measures in South Africa, Germany, Australia and the United States of America to make recommendations for preventing future corporate catastrophes. The global corporate governance failures were severe. It seems as if fraud and corruption may be the major sources of these corporate collapses. In most instances, there is either the active involvement of the directors and managers in these fraudulent or corrupt practices, or there is either a negligent or even intentional failure to act by directors to prevent these activities. The study shows that the prevention of corporate failure remains a complex endeavour. Legislation, codes of conduct, structures, and processes cannot resolve all problems on their own. The ethical and responsible behaviour of company directors, managers, and officers is crucial. Regardless of the outcome of any legal proceedings, the collapse of Steinhoff demonstrates the crucial role of the companies’ board, company secretary, auditors, directors, shareholders, and other stakeholders in assuring compliance with all applicable legislation and it operates with integrity and transparency. I believe that, similar to Enron, Steinhoff will become the new benchmark for corporate governance failures.
Open Access
Assessing Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) model fit for forecasting air traffic movements using log transformation: a case study on ATNS air traffic movement dataset during COVID-19 pandemic
(University of the Free State, 2024) Masekoameng, John Lehlaka; Girmay, Elizabeth
The COVID-19 pandemic introduced unprecedented challenges to the aviation industry, significantly impacting air traffic movements (ATM). This study investigates the effectiveness of log transformation in evaluating the goodness of fit of multiple regression models in predicting ATM within the South African aviation sector. Specifically, it compares the performance of a standard Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) model with a log-transformed MRA model to determine whether log transformation enhances model accuracy and reliability. The research explores traditional model fit assessment techniques, including R-squared (R²), Adjusted R-squared (R²adj), p-values, F-tests, residual analysis, Mean Squared Error (MSE), and normality tests such as the Shapiro-Wilk Test. Using data from Air Traffic and Navigation Services (ATNS), the study applies MRA to assess the impact of key predictors such as revenue, lockdown levels, confirmed COVID-19 cases, COVID-19-related deaths, exchange rates, GDP, and population on ATM. Findings indicate that the standard MRA model outperforms the log-transformed model in terms of explained variance, predictive accuracy, and coefficient significance. While the log-transformed model offers slight improvements in residual normality and insights into non-linear relationships, it does not surpass the standard model in overall predictive power. As a result, the study concludes that, for practical forecasting and decision-making in air traffic management, the standard MRA model is preferable. However, future research exploring non-linear relationships may benefit more from advanced modeling techniques, such as polynomial regression or machine learning, rather than a simple log transformation.
Open Access
A rhetorical analysis of South African presidents' state of the nation addresses post-1994
(University of the Free State, 2024) Nkosi, Robson Siphosihle; du Plessis, R.; Breshears, D.
In South Africa, a State of the Nation Address (SONA) is considered an important speech in the nation’s political calendar. As notable and consequential as the SONA is, it remains a limitedly explored research avenue, especially from a dramatistic criticism point of view. This dramatistic criticism study was conducted to bridge this gap by unveiling and developing an in-depth understanding of the underlying motive behind each democratically elected South African President’s first State of the Nation Addresses post-apartheid. The study employed a pentadic analysis approach owed to Kenneth Burke (Cholid et al., 2019) to analyse a corpus of four purposively selected State of the Nation Addresses. The findings suggested the pentadic element Scene as the motive behind all the analysed State of the Nation Addresses. However, the label for the pentadic element Scene slightly varied across the four SONA speeches. Consequently, the study concludes that the underlying motive behind each democratically elected South African President’s first State of the Nation Address was to induce cooperation of the SONA audiences in addressing the sociopolitical and economic challenges of the state post-apartheid.
Open Access
Academic resilience of children who overcome adversity
(University of the Free State, 2022) Channon, Dane; Louw, A. E.; Esterhuyse, K. G.; Louw, D. A.
Children in South Africa walk a fragile path to adulthood. This sentiment by UNICEF in 2012 remains relevant for children in the country a decade later. Youth face a myriad of threats to development. Despite many children succumbing to such risks, some children bounce back from adversities to foster resilient outcomes. This qualitative, multiple case study research aimed to explore how children navigate, negotiate, and engage with their social ecologies to overcome adversity and demonstrate academic resilience. Four adolescent participants were purposefully selected from East London schools in the Eastern Cape. These learners were identified by their school ecologies as having achieved positive academic outcomes despite experiences of significant adversity. The social ecology of resilience framework (SERT) was used to conceptualise the study. Multiple data collection sources were used, contributing to the descriptive and explanatory analyses of the data. Five phases of analytical data analysis aligned with case study research were employed to uncover contextually relevant themes of resilience building. The case studies yielded rich and detailed information on the biological vulnerabilities, challenging social and physical environments, specific negative life events and compound socio-demographic risks experienced by these children, the personal, relational, structural, and spiritual/cultural resilience enablers in their ecologies, and the processes by which these children identified and used these enablers across their social ecologies. This study contributed to theory building for SERT as a framework for understanding how children transact resources and opportunities within their social ecologies in culturally and contextually meaningful ways. The strengths, implications and limitations of the study are indicated, and recommendations are offered.
Open Access
Synthesis of redox-responsive tetrathiafulvalene derivatives with amphiphilic properties to be used in soft materials
(University of the Free State, 2024) Tshehla, Paulos Katlego; Azov, V. A.
The well-known electron-rich donor system, Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) has gained excessive interest in the field of supramolecular chemistry and complex ligand research. Continuous advancements in synthesis has allowed TTF along with its derivatives to be integrated into various intricate molecular systems. Such that, these systems have been investigated for their potential applications as sensors, models for electron transfer, molecular machines and many other applications. The study displayed in this piece of writing will examine the incorporation of TTF moieties through preparation by synthesis, as well as their characterisation. With the motive to add to the recent and existing synthetic advances, for utilization in constructing versatile systems of broad applications. A series of functionalised bis- and tetra-tetrathiafulvalene derivatives has been prepared. A result stemming from a series of synthesis producing TTF intermediates, later used as key precursors for the successful synthesis of TTF derivatives. Amongst those, is the TTF thiolate anion used as a key intermediate which has shown to be quite a versatile reagent for this purpose. Shelf-stable precursors of the TTF thiolate anion have been prepared, making the preparation of novel, highly functionalised, amphiphilic cationic / anionic TTF derivatives 4 and 5 feasible. The series of steps include various reactions: cyclization, cross coupling and self-coupling, de-protection, re-alkylation, and nucleophilic substitution reactions. This synthetic pathway allows the tailoring of the properties of the TTF entity by the variation of the substitution pattern. For feasibility of the amphiphilic character, the analogues prepared constitute of long alkyl chains at different positions. This character adds in rendering these entities as versatile electron donor systems, well suited for use in construction of novel redox assemblies. Through careful adjustments and development of methodologies, a range of symmetrical and unsymmetrical TTF derivatives of different substituents was covered. From alkyl-halides bearing TTF derivatives to the 1-methyl-imidazole units fused to the TTF frameworks. Certain compounds were obtained in significantly high yields. Such as the 1-methyl-imidazole bearing TTF derivative, 4,5-bis(1-methylimidazole-3-propylthio)-6,7-bis(propylthio)tetrathiafulvalene 4a at a yield of 94%. With its identity qualitatively confirmed by high-resolution mass spectroscopy and NMR analysis. In the study, several purification techniques were implemented with the hopes of producing highly pure and well isolated compounds. Some of the reactions produced several products which were difficult to separate. An attempt to conduct electrochemical studies on the new multi-TTF derivatives, was deemed unsuccessful for various reasons covered in the discussion.