A critical interpretation of the temporal impact of landscape, space and power on the built environment of Church Square, Pretoria

Abstract

This thesis critically interprets the temporal impact of landscape, space and power on the built environment of Church Square, Pretoria. It proposes to reveal, through critical analysis and comparison, the powers behind the processes of the making of Church Square as urban space, as well as the social and spatial relationships embedded in it. Four distinct periods or episodes can be identified in the history of Church Square and certain seminal moments caused the change from one episode to another. During each episode the physical composition of the space represented and reflected the powers that were the driving forces behind change. A two-dimensional representation of Pretoria in the middle of the nineteenth century shows that the landscape had been shaped by forces of nature and human dominance. The first aim is to determine the powers through which Pretoria was established and then to describe the advent of the philosophy of change, to identify the change from movement to settlement and to determine how the powers of law, state and church formed the Boer worldview. The authority of the state through which the beacons of the first Boer farms were erected is determined and the influence of the prevailing geography on primary settlement is explored. The change in landscape from agricultural settlement to town for the purpose of establishing a 𝘡𝘪𝘵𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘨𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘢𝘵𝘴 𝘥𝘦𝘴 𝘝𝘰𝘭𝘬𝘴𝘳𝘢𝘢𝘥𝘴…𝘪𝘯 𝘩𝘦𝘵 𝘮𝘪𝘥𝘥𝘦𝘯 𝘥𝘦𝘴 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘴¹ is documented. The reason for setting out Pretoria according to a grid pattern is described as both a sign of human dominance over landscape and of water management. Once the wider historical context has been established, the focus moves to the historical area in an around the Square. Although data collection from Surveyor-General diagrams (SG diagrams) and title deeds is rarely seen as part of the creative process, it forms an essential part of any architect’s design methodology and the findings from these legal documents finally find a proud, albeit understated, place in the visual, architectural design outcome. The same is true of an historical architectural study. Any attempt at reconstructing the past of the built environment in context will inevitably refer to land parcels, -ownership and -use, which often provide more insight into the powers that shaped and reshaped the landscape over time, than the buildings themselves. A visual record[ing] of surveyed change over time confirms the notion that landscapes are always temporal, of the moment and in process, that they reflect human agency and action, and that they provoke memory and facilitate or impede action. The study proposes to reveal both the dimension of historical time and the dimension of historical space, therefore including both meanings of temporality: as the real physical world and as one being limited by time. It aims to offer a new focus and approach to historiography of the area and to reveal the significance that the temporal relationship gives to data gathered in architectural history writing. The establishment and development history of Pretoria and Church Square hinted on the frequent change in dynamic between Boer and Brit and the sixth chapter aims to elaborate on this dynamic. It attempts to determine how the built environment in and around Church Square reflected change. It identifies four distinct periods or episodes in the history of the town that can be linked directly to the changed dynamic between Boer and Brit. It proposes to describe the seminal moments that caused change and to determine the powers that were the driving forces behind the change that was made visible in the physical composition of Church Square during each episode. Although the Boer-Brit dynamic visibly influenced the built environment of Pretoria right at its establishment in 1855, the strife between Boer and Brit can be traced back to the first conflict of 1795, when the British occupied the Dutch-owned Cape of Good Hope. A summary of the historical context is followed by a description of the run-up to the tragic Anglo-Boer Wars that were waged at the end of the nineteenth century in the 𝘡𝘶𝘪𝘥 𝘈𝘧𝘳𝘪𝘬𝘢𝘢𝘯𝘴𝘤𝘩𝘦 𝘙𝘦𝘱𝘶𝘣𝘭𝘪𝘤 (the ZAR or the South African Republic). The aftermath of the War is investigated and the opposing worldviews of the two cultures are presented. The aim is to critically interpret the impact that the changed Boer-Brit dynamic had on the built environment in and around Church Square. The struggle between the desire to preserve memories and the desire to suppress them has been a global topic of discourse since the middle of the twentieth century. On Church Square the presence and absence of memories can best be illustrated in the name of the Square. The name “Church Square” has prevailed even though the central church was demolished over 114 years ago. Recent political protests proved that the Square is still loaded with political meaning and the trauma associated with colonialism and apartheid. As some oppose the offensive idea of Church Square and attempt to destroy the images of past powers, others try to protect their cultural heritage and memory. Since apartheid was introduced as a political system in 1948, the physical composition of the space has remained more or less the same. There has only been one significant change, namely the insertion during apartheid of Paul Kruger’s monumental ensemble in the centre of the Square in 1954, where it remained through the transition into democracy in 1994, up until the present post-apartheid condition. The ambiguous term post-apartheid is used to denote the current South African period as a definitive break from apartheid. Although apartheid and post-apartheid seem on the surface to be two very distinct political and social systems they are inextricably intertwined and the different and opposing discourses on Church Square during these two time periods are presented in one chapter under different discursive headings or topical foci. These include the Afrikaner worldview that led up to apartheid, commemoration of traumatic events during apartheid, the Rivonia trial, modernisation and development proposals. Despite the relative stagnation of the physical appearance of Church Square, there has been a significant shift in the ideologies of the powers behind change. The activities in and around the Square during this time were thus not manifested in the physical, but in the rhetorical. Change was not structural but ideological and the debates surrounding the Square reflected the turbulence of the discourse. The topical foci confirm that even if the built environment does not change significantly, its landscape is always temporal, of the moment and in process. The urban landscape still reflects human agency and action and provokes memory and facilitates or impedes action.

In hierdie studie word die temporele impak van landskap, ruimte en mag op die geboude omgewing van Kerkplein, Pretoria krities geïnterpreteer. Dit poog om deur kritiese analise en vergelyking die magte agter die prosesse van die vorming van Kerkplein as stedelike ruimte te onthul, asook die sosiale en ruimtelike verhoudings wat daarin ingebed is. Vier duidelike periodes of episodes kan in die geskiedenis van Kerkplein geïdentifiseer word en sekere sleutelgebeure het die oorgang van een episode na ’n ander veroorsaak. Die fisiese samestelling van die ruimte het die magte, wat die dryfkragte agter verandering was, gedurende elke episode verteenwoordig en weerspieël. ’n Tweedimensionele voorstelling van Pretoria in die middel van die negentiende eeu toon dat die landskap gevorm is deur natuurkragte en menslike oorheersing. Die eerste doel is om die magte waardeur Pretoria gevestig is te bepaal. Daarna is die doel om die ontstaan van die filosofie van verandering te beskryf, die oorgang van ontwikkeling na vestiging te identifiseer en om te bepaal hoe die magte van die reg, die staat en die kerk die Boer se wêreldbeskouing gevorm het. Die gesag van die staat waardeur die bakens van die eerste Boerplase opgerig is, word bepaal en die invloed van die heersende geografie op primêre vestiging word ondersoek. Die verandering in landskap van ’n landbouvesting na ’n dorp met die doel om ’n Zittingsplaats des Volksraads … in het midden des lands te vestig, word gedokumenteer. Die rede vir die uitleg van Pretoria volgens ’n ruitepatroon word as ’n teken van menslike oorheersing oor die landskap en ook oor dié van waterbestuur beskryf. Sodra die breër historiese konteks geplaas is, verskuif die fokus na die historiese gebied in en rondom Kerkplein. Alhoewel dataversameling vanaf landmetergeneraal-diagramme (LG-diagramme) en transportaktes selde as deel van die kreatiewe proses beskou word, vorm dit ’n essensiële deel van enige argitek se ontwerpsmetodologie en die bevindinge uit hierdie regsdokumente vind uiteindelik ’n trotse, alhoewel onderbeklemtoonde, plek in die visuele, argitektoniese ontwerpsuitkoms. Dieselfde geld vir ’n historiese argitektoniese studie. Enige poging om die verlede van die geboude omgewing in konteks te rekonstrueer, sal onvermydelik verwys na grondpersele, grondbesit en -gebruik, wat dikwels meer insig bied in die magte wat die landskap oor tyd gevorm en hervorm het as die geboue self. ’n Visuele opname van opgemete verandering oor tyd bevestig die idee dat landskappe altyd temporeel is (van die oomblik en in proses), dat landskappe menslike bemiddeling en handeling weerspieël asook herinnering oproep en handeling kan fasiliteer of belemmer. Die studie bied aan om beide die dimensie van historiese tyd en die dimensie van historiese ruimte te onthul en sluit dus beide betekenisse van temporaliteit in: as die werklike fisiese wêreld en as een wat deur tyd beperk word. Die doel is om ’n nuwe fokus en benadering tot die historiografie van dié area te bied en om die betekenis te onthul wat die temporele verhouding aan data in argitektoniese geskiedskrywing verleen. Die vestigings- en ontwikkelingsgeskiedenis van Pretoria en Kerkplein het die gereelde verandering in die dinamiek tussen Boer en Brit gewys en in die sesde hoofstuk van hierdie studie is ’n poging om hierdie dinamiek verder uit te brei. Dit poog om te bepaal hoe die geboude omgewing in en rondom Kerkplein verandering weerspieël het en identifiseer vier duidelike periodes of episodes in die geskiedenis van die dorp wat direk gekoppel kan word aan die veranderde dinamiek tussen Boer en Brit. Die studie bied aan om die sleutelgebeure wat verandering veroorsaak het te beskryf en om die magte te bepaal wat die dryfkragte agter die verandering was, wat sigbaar geword het in die fisiese samestelling van Kerkplein gedurende elke episode. Alhoewel die Boer-Brit-dinamiek die geboude omgewing van Pretoria reeds vanaf sy stigting in 1855 sigbaar beïnvloed het, kan die konflik tussen Boer en Brit teruggevoer word na die eerste botsing in 1795 toe die Britte die Kaap van Goeie Hoop, wat destyds aan die Nederlanders behoort het, beset het. ’n Opsomming van die historiese konteks word gevolg deur ’n beskrywing van die aanloop tot die tragiese Anglo-Boereoorloë wat aan die einde van die negentiende eeu in die Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek (die ZAR of die Suid-Afrikaanse Republiek) gevoer is. Die nadraai van die oorlog word ondersoek en die teenstellende wêreldbeskouings van die twee kulture word uiteengesit. Die doel is om die impak wat die veranderde Boer-Brit-dinamiek op die geboude omgewing in en rondom Kerkplein gehad het krities te interpreteer. Die stryd tussen die begeerte om herinneringe te bewaar en die begeerte om dit te onderdruk, is sedert die middel van die twintigste eeu ’n globale onderwerp van diskoers. Op Kerkplein kan die teenwoordigheid en afwesigheid van herinneringe die beste geïllustreer word in die naam van die plein. Die naam “Kerkplein” het bly voortbestaan al is die sentrale kerk meer as 114 jaar gelede gesloop. Onlangse politieke betogings het bewys dat die plein steeds gelaai is met politieke betekenis en die trauma wat met kolonialisme en apartheid geassosieer word. Terwyl sommige die aanstootlike idee van Kerkplein teengaan en probeer om die beelde van vorige magte te vernietig, poog ander om hul kulturele erfenis en herinnering te beskerm. Sedert apartheid in 1948 as ’n politieke stelsel voorgestel is, het die fisiese samestelling van die ruimte min of meer onveranderd gebly. Daar was slegs een noemenswaardige verandering, naamlik die toevoeging van Paul Kruger se monumentale gedenkbeeld tydens apartheid in 1954 in die middel van die plein waar dit bly staan het deur die oorgang na demokrasie in 1994 tot en met die huidige postapartheidstoestand. Die dubbelsinnige term “postapartheid” word gebruik om die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse tydperk as ’n besliste breuk met apartheid aan te dui. Alhoewel apartheid en postapartheid op die oppervlak soos twee verskillende politieke en sosiale stelsels voorkom, is dit onlosmaaklik verweef en word die verskillende en teenstrydige diskoerse oor Kerkplein gedurende hierdie twee tydperke in hierdie studie as een hoofstuk onder verskillende diskursiewe opskrifte of tematiese fokuspunte aangebied. Dit sluit die Afrikaner se wêreldbeskouing wat tot apartheid gelei het, die herdenking van traumatiese gebeure tydens apartheid, die Rivonia-verhoor asook moderniserings- en ontwikkelingsvoorstelle in. Ten spyte van die relatiewe stagnasie in die fisiese voorkoms van Kerkplein was daar ’n beduidende verskuiwing in die ideologieë van die magte agter verandering. Die aktiwiteite in en rondom die plein gedurende hierdie tyd is dus nie in die fisiese nie, maar in die retoriese gemanifesteer. Verandering was nie struktureel nie, maar ideologies en die debatte rondom Kerkplein het die onstuimigheid van die diskoers weerspieël. Die tematiese fokuspunte bevestig dat, al verander die geboude omgewing nie noemenswaardig nie, die landskap altyd temporeel is – van die oomblik en in proses. Die stedelike landskap weerspieël steeds menslike bemiddeling en handeling, roep herinnering op en fasiliteer of belemmer aksie.

Diphuputso tsena di bua ka mokgwa o hlokolosi wa sekgahla se bang teng hodima lefatshe ka nakwana, sebaka le matla tikolohong e hahilweng ya Church Square, Pretoria. E etsa tlhahiso ya ho senola, ka tlhahlobo ya bohlokwa le papiso, matla a ka morao ho ditshebetso tsa ho etsa Church Square e le sebaka sa ditoropo, hammoho le dikamano tsa sechaba le tsa sebaka tse kenelletseng ho eona. Ho ka kgethollwa dinako kapa diketsahalo tse nne tse ikgethang historing ya Church Square mme dinako tse ding tsa bohlokwa di ile tsa baka phetoho ho tloha ketsahalong e nngwe ho ya ho e nngwe. Nakong ya ketsahalo ka nngwe, sebopeho sa sebaka seo se ne se emela le ho bonahatsa matla a neng a susumetsa phetoho. Setshwantsho sa ditekanyo tse pedi sa Pretoria bohareng ba lekgolo la leshome le metso e robong la dilemo se bontsha hore sebaka seo se ne se bopilwe ke matla a tlhaho le taolo ya batho. Sepheo sa pele ke ho fumana matla ao Pretoria e thehilweng ka ona le ho hlalosa ho hlaha ha filosofi ya phetoho, ho hlwaya phetoho ho tloha ho motsamao ho ya ho ho dula le ho hlwaya hore matla a molao, mmuso le kereke a bopile pono ya lefatshe ya Maburu jwang. Ho kgethwa matla a puso ao ka ona ho ileng ha ahwa ditora tsa mapolasi a pele a Maburu mme ha hlahlojwa tshusumetso ya sebaka se neng se le teng moo ho neng ho dula batho ba pele. Phetoho ya sebaka sa bodulo ho tloha sebakeng sa temo ho ya toropong ka morero wa ho theha 𝘡𝘪𝘵𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘨𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘢𝘵𝘴 𝘥𝘦𝘴 𝘝𝘰𝘭𝘬𝘴𝘳𝘢𝘢𝘥𝘴…𝘪𝘯 𝘩𝘦𝘵 𝘮𝘪𝘥𝘥𝘦𝘯 𝘥𝘦𝘴 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘴1 e tlalehilwe. Lebaka la ho hlophisa Pretoria ho ya ka mokgwa wa keriti le hlaloswa e le pontsho ya puso ya motho hodima naha le ya tsamaiso ya metsi. Hang ha moelelo o pharaletseng wa histori o se o thehilwe, ho tsepamiswa maikutlo ho ya sebakeng sa histori sebakeng se potapotileng Square. Le hoja ho bokellwa ha boitsebiso bo tswang ho metako ya Surveyor-General (metako ya SG) le ditokomane tsa ditokelo tsa molao ho sa bonwe hangata e le karolo ya tshebetso ya popo, e etsa karolo ya bohlokwa ya mokgwa wa moqapi wa meralo le diphetho tsa ditokomane tsena tsa molao qetellong di fumana sebaka se ikgohomosang, le hoja se sa bontshwa hantle, sephethong sa pono, sa meralo ya metako. Ho jwalo le ka thuto ya histori ya meaho. Boiteko leha e le bofe ba ho tsosolosa nako e fetileng ya tikoloho e hahilweng ka moelelo o tla bua ka mokgwa o ke keng wa qojwa ho diphasele tsa mobu, boikarabelo le tshebediso, tseo hangata di fanang ka temoso e eketsehileng matleng a bopileng le ho fetola sebopeho sa sebaka ka nako, ho feta meaho ka boyona. Ho rekota ka pono diphetoho tse hlahlojwang ha nako e ntse e ya ho tiisa kgopolo ya hore dibaka tsa naha di dula di le teng ka nakwana, di le teng hona jwale ebile di ntse di tswela pele, di bontsha seo motho a se etsang le seo a se etsang, di tsosa mohopolo le ho nolofatsa kapa ho sitisa ketso. Diphuputso tsena di etsa tlhahiso ya ho senola ka bobedi tekanyo ya nako ya histori le tekanyo ya sebaka sa histori, ka hona ho kenyeletsa ditlhaloso tse pedi tsa nako: e le lefatshe la sebele la mmele le le le leng le lekanyeditsweng ke nako. Sepheo sa sona ke ho fana ka pono e ntjha le mokgwa o motjha wa ho ngola histori ya sebaka seo le ho senola bohlokwa boo kamano ya nako e fanang ka boitsebiso bo bokellwang ha ho ngolwa histori ya meaho. Histori ya ho thewa le ho ntshetsopele ya Pretoria le Church Square e ile ya supa phetoho e atisang ho ba teng pakeng tsa Maburu le Mabrithani mme kgaolo ya botshelela e ikemiseditse ho qaqisa ka matla ana. E leka ho fumana hore na tikoloho e hahilweng ka hare le ho potoloha Church Square e bonahatsa phetoho jwang. E kgetholla dinako tse nne tse fapaneng kapa diketsahalo historing ya toropo e ka amanang ka kotloloho le phetoho ya matla pakeng tsa Maburu le Mabrithani. E etsa tlhahiso ya ho hlalosa dinako tsa seminale tse bakileng phetoho le ho fumana matla ao e neng e le matla a susumetsang phetoho e neng e bonahala ka sebopeho sa mmele sa Church Square nakong ya ketsahalo ka nngwe. Le hoja matla a Boer-Brit a ile a susumetsa tikoloho e hahilweng ya Pretoria hantle ha e thewa ka 1855, kgohlano pakeng tsa Boer le Brit e ka latelwa morao ho ntwa ya pele ya 1795, ha Mabrithani a ne a dula Cape of Good Hope ya Madache. Kakaretso ya moelelo wa histori e latelwa ke tlhaloso ya se ileng sa etsahala pele ho dintwa tse bohloko tsa Maburu le Maburu tse ileng tsa lwanwa qetellong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dilemo Rephaboliking ya Zuid Afrikaansche (ZAR kapa Rephaboliking ya Afrika Borwa). Ho hlahlojwa diphello tsa Ntwa mme ho hlahiswa maikutlo a hanyetsanang a ditso tse pedi. Sepheo ke ho hlalosa ka ho teba phello eo phetoho ya Boer-Brit e bileng le yona tikolohong e ahilweng le potoloha Church Square. Ntwa e pakeng tsa takatso ya ho boloka mehopolo le takatso ya ho e hatella e bile taba eo ho buuwang ka yona lefatsheng ka bophara ho tloha bohareng ba lekgolo la bo20 la dilemo. Lebala la Kereke ho ba teng le ho ba siyo ha mehopolo ho ka hlaloswa hantle ka lebitso la Lebala. Lebitso la Church Square le ntse le le teng, le hoja kereke e bohareng e ile ya heletswa dilemong tse fetang 114 tse fetileng. Boipelaetso ba dipolotiki ba morao tjena bo pakile hore Square e ntse e tletse moelelo wa dipolotiki le ho sithabela ho amanang le bokoloniale le kgethollo ya morabe. Ha ba bang ba hanyetsa kgopolo e kgopisang ya Church Square mme ba leka ho senya ditshwantsho tsa mebuso ya nakong e fetileng, ba bang ba leka ho sireletsa lefa la bona la setso le mohopolo. Ho tloha ha puso ya kgethollo ya morabe e ne e thehwa ka 1948 e le tsamaiso ya dipolotiki, sebopeho sa sebaka seo se nnile sa dula se tshwana. Ho bile le phetoho e le nngwe feela ya bohlokwa, e leng ho kenngwa ha sehlopha se seholo sa Paul Kruger bohareng ba Lebala ka 1954, moo se ileng sa dula teng nakong ya phetoho ya demokrasi ka 1994, ho fihlela bwemo ba hona jwale ba kamora kgethollo ya morabe. Polelo e sa hlakang e reng ka mora kgethollo ya morabe e sebedisetswa ho bontsha nako ya hona jwale ya Afrika Borwa e le ho kgaohana ka ho feletseng le kgethollo ya morabe. Le hoja nako ya kgethollo le dilemo tse ileng tsa latela kamora nako ya kgethollo di bonahala ka ntle e le ditsamaiso tse pedi tse fapaneng tsa dipolotiki le tsa setjhaba, di hokahane ka ho feletseng mme dipuo tse fapaneng le tse hanyetsanang Church Square nakong ena ya dinako tse pedi di hlahiswa kgaolong e le nngwe tlasa dihlooho tse fapaneng tsa dipuo kapa dihlooho tsa ditaba. Tsena di kenyelletsa pono ya lefatshe ya Maafrika e lebisitseng ho kgethollo ya morabe, ho ikgopotsa diketsahalo tse bohloko nakong ya kgethollo ya morabe, nyewe ya Rivonia, ditlhahiso tsa sejwalejwale le ntshetsopele. Ho sa tsotellehe ho se sebetse hantle ha ponahalo ya sebele ya Church Square, ho bile le phetoho e kgolo dikgopolong tsa matla a ka morao ho phetoho. Ka hona, mesebetsi e neng e etswa le e neng e etswa Square nakong ena e ne e sa bonahale ka tsela ya sebele, empa e ne e bonahala ka tsela ya puo. Phetoho e ne e se ya sebopeho empa e ne e le ya maikutlo mme dipuisano tse neng di potolohile Square di ne di bonahatsa pherekano ya puo. Dintlha tsa sehlooho di tiisa hore esita le haeba tikoloho e hahilweng e sa fetohe haholo, sebaka sa yona se dula e le sa nakwana, sa motsotswana le se ntseng se tswela pele. Sebaka sa metse e meholo se sa ntse se bonahatsa tshusumetso le diketso tsa batho' me se tsosa mehopolo mme se nolofatsa kapa se sitisa diketso.

Le thesis ihumusha ngokujulile umthelela wesikhashana wokwakheka kwezwe, indawo namandla endaweni eyakhiwe iChurch Square, ePitoli. Ihlongoza ukwembula, ngokuhlaziywa okubucayi nokuqhathanisa, amandla asekela izinqubo zokwenza i-Church Square njengendawo yasemadolobheni, kanye nobudlelwano bezenhlalo kanye nendawo okugxilwe kuyo. Izinkathi ezine ezihlukene noma iziqephu zingabonakala emlandweni we-Church Square futhi izikhathi ezithile eziyisidala zabangela ushintsho ukusuka kwesinye isiqephu ukuya kwesinye. Phakathi nesiqephu ngasinye ukwakheka kwendawo kwakumelela futhi kubonise amandla ayeyizisusa ezibangela ushintsho. Ukumelwa okukabili kwePitoli phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye kubonisa ukuthi indawo yayibunjwe amandla emvelo kanye nokubusa komuntu. Inhloso yokuqala wukunquma amandla okwasungulwa ngawo iPitoli bese kuchazwa ukufika kwefilosofi yoguquko, ukuhlonza uguquko ukusuka ekunyakazeni kuya ekuhlalweni kanye nokucacisa ukuthi amandla omthetho, umbuso kanye nebandla awenza kanjani umbono womhlaba wamaBhunu. Igunya lombuso okwamiswa ngalo izibani zamapulazi okuqala amaBhunu liyanqunywa futhi kubhekwe umthelela wendawo ekhona ezindaweni zokuhlala. Ushintsho lwendawo yokuhlala esuka endaweni yezolimo iye edolobheni ngenhloso yokusungula i-𝘡𝘪𝘵𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘨𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘢𝘵𝘴 𝘥𝘦𝘴 𝘝𝘰𝘭𝘬𝘴𝘳𝘢𝘢𝘥𝘴…𝘪𝘯 𝘩𝘦𝘵 𝘮𝘪𝘥𝘥𝘦𝘯 𝘦𝘯 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘴¹ ibhaliwe. Isizathu sokubeka iPitoli ngokwephethini yegridi sichazwa njengokubili uphawu lokubusa komuntu phezu kwezwe kanye nokuphathwa kwamanzi. Uma umongo obanzi womlando ususunguliwe, kugxilwa endaweni yomlando endaweni ezungeze Isikwele. Nakuba ukuqoqwa kwedatha emidwebeni yoMhloli-Jikelele (imidwebo ye-SG) kanye namatayitela etayitela akuvamile ukubonwa njengengxenye yenqubo yokudala, kwakha ingxenye ebalulekile yanoma iyiphi indlela yokuklama yomklami futhi okutholwe kule mibhalo yomthetho ekugcineni kuthola indawo yokuziqhenya, nakuba ibukelwa phansi, kumphumela obonakalayo, womklamo wezakhiwo. Kungokufanayo nangocwaningo lomlando lwezakhiwo. Noma yimuphi umzamo wokwakha kabusha okwedlule kwendawo eyakhiwe ngokomongo nakanjani uzobhekisela kumaphasela omhlaba, -ubunikazi kanye -nokusetshenziswa, okuvame ukunikeza ukuqonda okwengeziwe emandleni alolonge futhi alungisa isimo sezwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kunezakhiwo ngokwazo. Irekhodi elibonakalayo loshintsho oluhloliwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi liqinisekisa umbono wokuthi izindawo zezwe zihlala zingezesikhashana, futhi zisaqhubeka, zibonisa i-ejenti yomuntu nesenzo, nokuthi zivusa inkumbulo futhi zisize noma zithiye isenzo. Ucwaningo luhlongoza ukuveza kokubili ubukhulu besikhathi somlando kanye nobukhulu besikhala somlando, ngakho-ke kufaka phakathi zombili izincazelo zesikhashana: njengomhlaba wangempela wenyama kanye nanjengokukhawulwa yisikhathi. Ihlose ukunikeza ukugxila okusha kanye nendlela yomlando wendawo kanye nokuveza ukubaluleka ubudlelwano besikhashana obunikeza idatha eqoqwe ekubhalweni komlando wezakhiwo. Umlando wokusungulwa nokuthuthukiswa kwePitoli kanye neChurch Square uveze ushintsho olwenzeka njalo phakathi kweBhunu neNgisi futhi isahluko sesithupha sihlose ukwenaba ngalokhu kuguquguquka. Izama ukuthola ukuthi indawo eyakhiwe eChurch Square nasezindaweni ezizungezile ilubonise kanjani ushintsho. Ikhomba izikhathi noma iziqephu ezine ezihlukene emlandweni wedolobha ezingaxhunyaniswa ngqo nokuguquguquka okuguquguqukayo phakathi kweBhunu neNgisi. Iphakamisa ukuchaza izikhathi eziyisidala ezadala ushintsho kanye nokunquma amandla ayengamandla ashukumisa lolu shintsho olwenziwe lwabonakala ekwakhiweni kwe-Church Square phakathi nesiqephu ngasinye. Nakuba intshukumo yeBhunu neNgisi ngokusobala yaba nomthelela endaweni eyakhiwe yasePitoli khona kanye ekusungulweni kwayo ngo-1855, ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamaBhunu namaNgisi kungalandelelwa emuva kwengxabano yokuqala ka-1795, lapho amaNgisi ethatha iCape of Good Hope eyayiphethwe amaDutch. Isifinyezo somongo womlando silandelwa incazelo yokulungiselela izimpi zamaBhunu ezibuhlungu ezaqhutshwa ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye 𝘡𝘶𝘪𝘥 𝘈𝘧𝘳𝘪𝘬𝘢𝘦𝘦𝘩 𝘙𝘦𝘱𝘶𝘣𝘭𝘪𝘤 (i-ZAR noma iRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu Afrika). Umphumela weMpi uyaphenywa bese kwethulwa imibono yomhlaba ephikisanayo yala masiko amabili. Inhloso ukuhumusha ngokujulile umthelela uguquko lwamaBhunu-namaNgisi olube nawo endaweni yokwakha e-Church Square nasezindaweni ezizungezile. Umzabalazo phakathi kwesifiso sokulondoloza izinkumbulo kanye nesifiso sokuzicindezela ube yisihloko sezingxoxo emhlabeni wonke kusukela maphakathi nekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili. E-Church Square ukuba khona nokungabikho kwezinkumbulo kungachazwa kahle kakhulu egameni lesikwele. Igama elithi “Church Square” selidlangile nakuba isonto eliphakathi ladilizwa eminyakeni engu-114 edlule. Imibhikisho yezombusazwe yakamuva ifakazele ukuthi iSikwele sisagcwele incazelo yezepolitiki kanye nokuhlukumezeka okuhambisana nobukoloni kanye nobandlululo. Njengoba abanye bephikisana nombono ocasulayo weChurch Square futhi bezama ukucekela phansi izithombe zamandla adlule, abanye bazama ukuvikela amagugu abo amasiko nenkumbulo. Selokhu ubandlululo lwaqalwa njengohlelo lwezepolitiki ngo-1948, ukwakheka kwendawo kusalokhu kufana. Kube noguquko olulodwa kuphela olubalulekile, ukufakwa ngesikhathi sobandlululo kweqembu elikhulu lika-Paul Kruger enkabeni yeSikwele ngo-1954, lapho lahlala khona ngesikhathi kushintshwa intando yeningi ngo-1994, kuze kube yisimo samanje sangemva kobandlululo. Itemu elingacacile le-post-apartheid lisetshenziselwa ukukhomba isikhathi samanje saseNingizimu Afrikha njengekhefu eliqondile kusuka kubandlululo. Nakuba ubandlululo kanye nangemuva kobandlululo kubonakala sengathi kuyizinhlelo ezimbili ezihluke kakhulu zezombusazwe nezenhlalo kodwa zihlangene ngendlela engenakuhlukaniswa futhi izinkulumo ezehlukene neziphikisanayo eChurch Square ngalezi zikhathi ezimbili zethulwa esahlukweni esisodwa ngaphansi kwezihloko ezihlukene ezixoxisanayo noma ingqikithi yezihloko. Lokhu kubandakanya umbono womhlaba wamaBhunu owaholela esikhathini sobandlululo, ukukhunjulwa kwezigameko ezibuhlungu ngesikhathi sobandlululo, ukuqulwa kwecala laseRivonia, iziphakamiso zesimanje kanye nentuthuko. Naphezu kokuntengantenga kokubonakala kweChurch Square, kube noshintsho olukhulu emibonweni yamandla abangela ushintsho. Imisebenzi yangaphakathi naseduze kwesikwele ngalesi sikhathi ayizange ibonakale ngokomzimba, kodwa ekukhulumeni. Ushintsho lwalungelona olwakhiwo kodwa lwalungokombono futhi izimpikiswano ezazizungeze isikwele zazibonisa ukuxokozela kwenkulumo. I-topical foci iqinisekisa ukuthi noma ngabe indawo eyakhelweyo ingashintshi kakhulu, indawo yayo ihlala ingokwesikhashana, yesikhashana futhi isaqhubeka. Isimo sasemadolobheni sisabonisa i-ejensi yomuntu nesenzo futhi sivusa inkumbulo futhi sikhuthaze noma sithiye isenzo.