Volunteer single fathering: an exploration of the motivations of South African men who become single parents by choice

Abstract

Since the development and increased accessibility of assisted reproductive technology, there has been a rise in alternative family forms since the end of the twentieth century. However, marital heteronormative parenthood and the nuclear family ideal remain salient, often leading to stigmatisation of alternative family forms. Volunteer single fathering represents one such alternative family form, where men choose to become single fathers via surrogacy or adoption and are the sole primary caregivers of their children. The limited research available on this specific family type is situated in the global north, and there is a need to provide contextual knowledge of this family form in the South African context. The motivations of five South African men who chose to become VSFs via surrogacy or adoption were explored, utilising a multiple case study design. Thematic analysis of the participants’ accounts delivered four themes, namely: Seeking meaning and purpose; Capabilities of single fathers; Pathways towards volunteer single fathering; and Advocacy for myself and those to follow. The intentionality of the participants to decide to become VSFs was looked at from a Self-Determination Theoretical stance, specifically the Theory of Basic Psychological Needs. This study is the first to focus on VSFs in South Africa and serves as a foundation to broaden our knowledge and address the dearth in South African fatherhood literature on this unique family type.