The content and behaviour of natural radionuclides in basement-hosted groundwater from Vaalputs, Namaqualand, South Africa

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Date
2012-01
Authors
Pretorius, Huibrecht Catharina Florina
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Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract
English: Vaalputs, the South African radioactive waste disposal facility, is currently licensed to dispose only low and intermediate level radioactive waste. The repository has been disposing radioactive waste since 1986; however, up until May 2011 no long-lived uranium containing waste has been delivered to Vaalputs. The Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa (Necsa) has foreseen this disposal and so ordered this study to establish a baseline for the behaviour of naturally occurring radionuclides from the uranium and thorium decay chains in the groundwater of Vaalputs. This baseline will be used to monitor the groundwater below Vaalputs for possible anthropogenic additions to the environmental radioactivity. This baseline was established by studying a unique dataset of 25 years of analysis of activities of man-made and naturally occurring radionuclides as well as cation and anion concentrations in the groundwater at Vaalputs. This database is the result of annual monitoring of the groundwater from a confined set of boreholes on and around the facility as part of the regulatory requirements of radioactive disposal. The analytical results of radionuclides in groundwater from 13 annually and 3 quarterly sampled boreholes have been evaluated during this study. Cation and anion concentrations were measured respectively by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and ion chromatography. In routine analyses the activities of the long-lived radionuclides 238U and 232Th were measured by instrumental neutron activation analysis, while the short-lived radionuclide 226Ra was detected by γ-ray spectrometry. The overall radioactivity hazard from total α and β radiation levels were measured by gas flow proportional counting. On occasion groundwater samples have been analysed by α-spectrometry to determine the activities of α-emitting radionuclides from the decay chains of 238U, 235U and 232Th. These analytical results have been integrated in order to evaluate trends in activities of radionuclides, the relative contributions of individual radionuclides to total radiation levels and how these are influenced by groundwater conditions. 238U levels show a natural anomaly in the near-field of the disposal site, attributed to basement rocks anomalously enriched in uranium located close to the disposal trenches. This should be taken into consideration when monitoring the groundwater for possible additions of uranium. One set of duplicate samples from 2009 has been analysed by alpha spectrometry, determining an average activity ratio of 234U/238U in the groundwater of Vaalputs as 4.1. This average ratio has been used in the rest of the study for comparison of the contribution of 234U to total α radiation with the contribution of the other α-emitting radionuclides. However, it is suggested that a more extensive experiment should be carried out to determine a statistically representative activity ratio for the different areas at Vaalputs. High levels of 226Ra, unsupported by 238U, have been found in groundwater from certain boreholes, mostly boreholes lying closely together on the western side of the property. This groundwater also yielded low activity ratios for 234U/238U, lower pH and stronger oxidizing conditions than that of the rest of the area. The distinct host of Namaqualand rocks with the absence of overlaying sedimentary rocks has been suggested as the key to the different geochemical conditions of the groundwater of these boreholes. 232Th and its daughter radionuclides yielded levels far below the guideline of 1 Bq.l-1 given by the World Health Organisation, as is expected from the known low mobility of thorium. A peak in total α radiation levels was seen in 2000 in the near-field area. Assessing the cumulative contributions of the various radionuclides it was very clear that the greatest factor in producing α radiation is 234U. However, no data is available for the levels of 234U in 2000. It is suggested that future occurrences of elevated total α radiation levels should be investigated either by performing alpha spectrometry on a duplicate sample or on a sample collected as soon as possible after the original sampling. Analysis of total β radiation levels were found to be unreliable up to 2005, and since the analysis of β-emitting radionuclides was not part of the scope of this study, no conclusions with regard to the contributors to total β radiation could be made. It is suggested that the elevation of total β radiation levels of specific beta-emitting radionuclides, especially 40K, should be determined.
Afrikaans: Vaalputs, die Suid-Afrikaanse radioaktiewe afvalbergingsfasiliteit, is tans slegs gelisensieer om lae- en mediumvlak radioaktiewe afval te stoor. Alhoewel die storingsplek sedert 1986 radioaktiewe afval huisves, is die eerste langlewende uraanbevattende afval eers in Mei 2011 by Vaalputs afgelewer. Die Kernenergie Korporasie van Suid-Afrika (Necsa) het in beplanning vir die verwikkeling besluit om hierdie studie te doen ter opstelling van ‘n basisvlak vir die optrede van natuurlike radionukliede in die uraan- en torium-vervalkettings. Die basisvlak sal gebruik word om die grondwater van Vaalputs te monitor vir moontlike antropogeniese byvoegings tot die omgewingsradioaktiwiteit. Die basisvlak is opgestel deur die bestudering van ‘n unieke datastel van 25 jaar se analises van grondwater vir die aktiwiteite van mensgemaakte en natuurlike radionukliede sowel as katioon- en anioonkonsentrasies. Hierdie databasis is die gevolg van jaarlikse monitering van die grondwater vanuit ‘n bepaalde stel boorgate op en rondom Vaalputs as deel van die regulerende vereistes vir radioaktiewe berging. Die aktiwiteite van radionukliede in grondwater van 13 jaarliks en 3 kwartaalliks geanaliseerde boorgate word in die studie geëvalueer. Katioon- en anioonkonsentrasies is onderskeidelik bepaal deur induktief gekoppelde plasma optiese emissie spektrometrie en ioonchromatografie. Met roetine analises is die aktiwiteite van die langlewende radionukliede 238U en 232Th gemeet deur instrumentele neutronaktiveringsanalise, terwyl die kortlewende radionukliede 226Ra bepaal is deur γ-straal spektrometrie. Die algehele radioaktiewe risiko vanaf totale α en β straling is gemeet deur gasvloei proporsionele telling. Per geleentheid is grondwater monsters geanaliseer deur α- spektrometrie vir die bepaling van die aktiwiteite van α-uitstralende radionukliede in die vervalkettings van 238U, 235U en 232Th. Hierdie analitiese resultate is geïntegreer vir die evaluering van neigings in die aktiwiteite van radionukliede, die relatiewe bydraes van individuele radionukliede tot die totale straling en die invloed daarop deur grondwater toestande. 238U vlakke wys ‘n natuurlike anomalie in die nabyveld van die bergingsplek, wat toegeskryf kan word aan anomale uraan-ryke fondasiegesteentes wat naby die bergingslote geleë is. Hierdie anomalie moet in gedagte gehou word vir monitering van grondwater vir moontlike toevoegings van uraan. Een stel duplikaat-monsters van 2009 is geanaliseer deur α-spektrometrie en daardeur is die gemiddelde aktiwiteitsverhouding van 234U/238U in die grondwater van Vaalputs as 4.1 bepaal. Hierdie gemiddelde verhouding is tydens die res van hierdie studie gebruik vir die vergelyking van die bydrae van 234U tot die totale α straling teenoor die bydrae van die ander α- uitstralende radionukliede. Daar word egter voorgestel dat ‘n meer ekstensiewe eksperiment uitgevoer sal moet word om ‘n statisties verteenwoordigende aktiwiteitsverhouding vir die verskillende areas in die grondwater van Vaalputs te bepaal. Hoë vlakke van 226Ra, wat nie deur 238U ondersteun word nie, is in die grondwater van sekere boorgate gevind. Hierdie boorgate is hoofsaaklik gekonsentreer in ‘n klein area aan die westekant van die fasiliteit en bevat grondwater wat lae aktiwiteitsverhoudings vir 234U/238U, laer pH en sterker oksiderende toestande as die res van die area getoon het. Die onderskeidende gasheer van Namakwaland gesteentes met die afwesigheid van oorliggende sedimentêre gesteentes word as die sleutel tot die verskil in die geochemiese toestande van die grondwater van hierdie boorgate aangedui. 232Th en sy dogter radionukliede het vlakke ver onder die riglyn van 1 Bq.l-1 wat die Wêreld Gesondheidsorganisasie daargestel is, soos te wagte van die bekende lae mobiliteit van torium. ‘n Piek in die totale α radiasie vlakke kan gesien word in 2000 in die naby-veld area. Na assessering van die kumulatiewe bydraes van die verskeie radionukliede is dit duidelik dat 234U die grootste faktor is in die produsering van α-straling. Geen data is egter beskikbaar vir die vlakke van 234U in 2000 nie. Dit word voorgestel dat toekomstige gevalle van verhoogde totale α-stralingsvlakke ondersoek sal word deur alpha spektrometrie-analise op ‘n duplikaat monster of ‘n monster wat so spoedig moontlik na die oorspronklike monster geneem word. Analise van totale β stralingsvlakke is onbetroubaar bevind tot en met 2005. Aangesien analises van β-uitstralende radionukliede nie deel uitgemaak het van hierdie studie nie, kon geen gevolgtrekkings gemaak word met betrekking tot die bydraers tot β-straling nie. Daar word voorgestel dat monsters met verhoogde vlakke van totale β-straling geanaliseer word vir spesifieke β-uitstralende radionukliedes, veral 40K.
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Keywords
Dissertation (M.Sc. (Geology))--University of the Free State, 2012, Groundwater -- Pollution -- South Africa -- Namaqualand, Groundwater -- Purification -- South Africa -- Namaqualand, Radioactive waste disposal, Radioactivity -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa -- Namaqualand
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