Geslagsverskille in persoonlikheid, prestasiemotivering en loopbaanankers by entrepreneurs
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Date
1999
Authors
O'Neil, John Wesley
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract
Afrikaans: In die laat sestiger-jare het die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie begin
stagneer en die agteruitgang het voortgeduur tot vandag. Sedert die
middel-sewentigs het die ekonomie in die VSA beweeg van 'n
"bestuursekonornie" na 'n "entrepreneursekonomie" . Die totale aantal
poste in die VSA het in die dekade van 1974 tot 1984 met 24 miljoen
gegroei. Sedert die 1960's het werkskepping en ekonomiese groei
verskuif van die groot vervaardigingsektor na die medium- en kleinsakesektor.
Klein ondernemings omvat ongeveer 75% van die
Japannese en 50% van die Amerikaanse ekonomie. In Suid-Afrika het
die regering op alle vlakke van die ekonomie ingemeng, tot die verlies
van die totale ekonomie. Selfs die blanke bevolking is so beïnvloed
deur die idee van die "Totale Aanslag" en die afweer daarvan, dat min
of geen aandag geskenk is aan die ontwikkeling van klein
ondernemings of entrepreneurs.
Volgens verskeie outeurs is entrepreneurskap egter 'n komplekse
begrip en pogings om aan die hand van die psigologiese eienskappe .
van die entrepreneur die begrip te verstaan, het die begrip nog meer'
kompleks gemaak. Volgens die literatuur is dit ook duidelik dat daar
nie ooreenstemming is oor die psigologiese eienskappe van die
entrepreneur nie en selfs nie eens oor wat entrepreneurskap is nie. Dit
kan duidelik gesien word uit die gebrek aan navorsing oor vroulike
entrepreneurs asook die psigologiese eienskappe van vroulike
entrepreneurs. Slegs deur navorsing kan entrepreneurskap asook die
eienskappe van die entrepreneur beter verstaan word. Sodoende kan
die psigologiese eienskappe van entrepreneurs asook die regte klimaat
vir entrepreneurskap beter ontwikkel word,
Uit die literatuur is dit ook duidelik dat die identifisering van
psigologiese eienskappe van manlike en vroulike entrepreneurs baie
belangrik is vir voorspelling van entrepreneurspotensiaal en die
ontwikkeling van die eienskappe by nie-entrepreneurs of toekomstige
en trepreneurs.
In dié studie is daar gevolglik gepoog om 'n vergelyking te tref tussen
manlike en vroulike entrepreneurs om te bepaal of daar enige
statisties beduidende verskille bestaan tussen die twee geslagte t.O.V.
persoonlikheid, prestasiemotivering en loopbaanoriëntasies.
In die literatuurstudie is aandag geskenk aan entrepreneurskap asook
die sosiale en psigologiese eienskappe van entrepreneurs,
persoonlikheid, prestasiemotivering en loopbaanoriëntasies. In elke
hoofstuk van die literatuurstudie is daar gepoog om so 'n wye
teoretiese agtergrond as moontlik weer te gee asook om telkens die
verband aan te toon tussen manlike en vroulike entrepreneurs. Daar is in hierdie studie van opnamevraelyste gebruik gemaak om
navorsingsinligting oor die 81 proefpersone in te samel. Meer spesifiek
is van die Loopbaanoriëntasievraelys van Schein (1990), die 16
Persoonlikheidsvraelys (16- PF) van Cattell, die Prestasiemotiveringsvraelys
(PMV)en 'n selfontwikkelde biografiese vraelys gebruik gemaak
om die inligting in te samel. Die statistiese tegnieke, die ongepaarde ttoets
en stapsgewyse diskriminantanalise, is gebruik om die verskille
tussen manlike en vroulike entrepreneurs t.o.V. persoonlikheid,
prestasiemotivering en loopbaanoriëntasies aan te dui.
Daar is bevind dat daar wel statisties beduidende verskille is tussen
manlike en vroulike entrepreneurs t.O.V. persoonlikheid en
loopbaanoriëntasies. Uit die resultate is gevind dat vroulike
entrepreneurs meer geneig is om risiko's te neem as manlike
entrepreneurs. Verder blyk dit dat manlike entrepreneurs statisties
beduidende hoër tellings verkry op die Lewenstylintegrasieloopbaanoriëntasie
as vroulike entrepreneurs. Tog is die oriëntasie een
van die loopbaanoriëntasies wat deur vroulike entrepreneurs verkies
word. Dit blyk verder dat die drie konstrukte naamlik, persoonlikheid"
prestasiemotivering en loopbaanoriëntasies in kombinasie as goeie.
voorspellers dien van groeplidmaatskap van manlike en vroulike
en trepreneurs.
Opsommend blyk dit dat daar wel verskille is tussen manlike en
vroulike entrepreneurs t.O.V. persoonlikheid, prestasiemotivering en
loopbaanoriëntasies. Die verskille is egter nie so groot soos wat dit in
die literatuur blyk te wees nie. Verskeie verskille tussen die resultate
van die studie en data soos dit in die literatuur voorkom is ook
geïdentifiseer, wat verdere navorsing noodsaaklik maak.
English: During the late 1960's, the South African economy started to stagnate and this situation has continued until the present day. Since the midseventies the economy of the USA has moved from a "management economy" to a "entrepreneurial economy". Employment in the USA in the decade between 1974 and 1984 rose by 24 million. Since the 1960's the focus of employment and economic growth has moved from the large manufacturing sector to medium and small business sector. Small businesses comprises approximately 75% of the Japanese and 50% of the American economy. In South Africa the participation of the government on all levels of the economy was detrimental to the total economy. During the years of "Apartheid" even the white population was so indoctrinated by the idea of the "Total Onslaught" and the stopping thereof, that no serious consideration was given to the establishment of small businesses or the development of en trepreneurshi p. According to the literature, entrepreneurship is a very complex phenomenon and attempts to understand it according to the psychological characteristics of the entrepreneur has made it even more complex. In the literature it is clear that there is much confusion about what entrepreneurship is and the exact psychological characteristics of entrepreneurs are. Only through research can the psychological characteristics of entrepreneurs be more clearly understood. Through this understanding the right climate for the developmen t of entrepreneurs can be developed. Further it can be clearly seen that there is a shortage of recent information and research on female entrepreneurs as well as on the psychological characteristics of female entrepreneurs. In the literature it can also be seen that the identification of the characteristics of entrepreneurs is very important for the identification of entrepreneurial potential and the development of these characteristics in non-entrepreneurs and potential entrepreneurs. In this study a comparison has been made between male and female entrepreneurs on personality, achievement motivation and career orientations to determine if any significant statistical differences exist. In the literature study attention was given to entrepreneurship, the social and psychological characteristics of entrepreneurs, personality, achievement motivation and career orientations. In every chapter of the literature study attempts were made to give as wide a theoretical perspective as possible as well as showing the relationship between male and female entrepreneurs on each of the constructs. In this study questionnaires were used to gather the research information of the 81 respondents. The questionnaires that have been used are more specifically the Career Anchors Inventory of Schein (1990), the 16 Personality Factor questionnaire (16-PF) of Cattell, the Achievement Motivation questionnaire (AMQ) and a self-developed biographical questionnaire. The statistical techniques that have been used to determine the differences between male and female entrepreneurs on personality, achievement motivation and career orientations are the t-test and stepwise discriminant analysis. The results of the study have shown that there are significant statistical differences between male and female entrepreneurs on personality and career orientations. The results of this study show that female entrepreneurs are more likely to take risks than are male entrepreneurs. Male entrepreneurs got significantly higher scores on the Lifestyle- integration career orientations than female entrepreneurs. This could be a significant finding as the Lifestyleintegration orientation is one of the career anchors that have been identified in the literature as a preference of female entrepreneurs. Further it can be said that the three constructs, personality, achievement motivation and career anchors, can be used as good'.. predictors of group membership of male and female entrepreneurs. . To summarize it can be said that differences exist between male and female entrepreneurs as far as personality, achievement motivation and career orientations are concerned. In actual fact these differences are not as large as one came to expect them to be from the literature. Further research is necessary as a variety of differences between the literature and the results of this study have been found.
English: During the late 1960's, the South African economy started to stagnate and this situation has continued until the present day. Since the midseventies the economy of the USA has moved from a "management economy" to a "entrepreneurial economy". Employment in the USA in the decade between 1974 and 1984 rose by 24 million. Since the 1960's the focus of employment and economic growth has moved from the large manufacturing sector to medium and small business sector. Small businesses comprises approximately 75% of the Japanese and 50% of the American economy. In South Africa the participation of the government on all levels of the economy was detrimental to the total economy. During the years of "Apartheid" even the white population was so indoctrinated by the idea of the "Total Onslaught" and the stopping thereof, that no serious consideration was given to the establishment of small businesses or the development of en trepreneurshi p. According to the literature, entrepreneurship is a very complex phenomenon and attempts to understand it according to the psychological characteristics of the entrepreneur has made it even more complex. In the literature it is clear that there is much confusion about what entrepreneurship is and the exact psychological characteristics of entrepreneurs are. Only through research can the psychological characteristics of entrepreneurs be more clearly understood. Through this understanding the right climate for the developmen t of entrepreneurs can be developed. Further it can be clearly seen that there is a shortage of recent information and research on female entrepreneurs as well as on the psychological characteristics of female entrepreneurs. In the literature it can also be seen that the identification of the characteristics of entrepreneurs is very important for the identification of entrepreneurial potential and the development of these characteristics in non-entrepreneurs and potential entrepreneurs. In this study a comparison has been made between male and female entrepreneurs on personality, achievement motivation and career orientations to determine if any significant statistical differences exist. In the literature study attention was given to entrepreneurship, the social and psychological characteristics of entrepreneurs, personality, achievement motivation and career orientations. In every chapter of the literature study attempts were made to give as wide a theoretical perspective as possible as well as showing the relationship between male and female entrepreneurs on each of the constructs. In this study questionnaires were used to gather the research information of the 81 respondents. The questionnaires that have been used are more specifically the Career Anchors Inventory of Schein (1990), the 16 Personality Factor questionnaire (16-PF) of Cattell, the Achievement Motivation questionnaire (AMQ) and a self-developed biographical questionnaire. The statistical techniques that have been used to determine the differences between male and female entrepreneurs on personality, achievement motivation and career orientations are the t-test and stepwise discriminant analysis. The results of the study have shown that there are significant statistical differences between male and female entrepreneurs on personality and career orientations. The results of this study show that female entrepreneurs are more likely to take risks than are male entrepreneurs. Male entrepreneurs got significantly higher scores on the Lifestyle- integration career orientations than female entrepreneurs. This could be a significant finding as the Lifestyleintegration orientation is one of the career anchors that have been identified in the literature as a preference of female entrepreneurs. Further it can be said that the three constructs, personality, achievement motivation and career anchors, can be used as good'.. predictors of group membership of male and female entrepreneurs. . To summarize it can be said that differences exist between male and female entrepreneurs as far as personality, achievement motivation and career orientations are concerned. In actual fact these differences are not as large as one came to expect them to be from the literature. Further research is necessary as a variety of differences between the literature and the results of this study have been found.
Description
Dissertation (M.Soc.Sc. (Industrial Psychology))--University of the Orange Free State, 1999
Keywords
Entrepreneurship, Achievement motivation, Sex role in the work environment