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Item Open Access Tommy Atkins In South Africa: first-hand accounts of the experiences of British soldiers during the Anglo-Boer war, 1899–1902(University of the Free State, 2023) Venter, Louis Edian; Oelofse, Marie Magdaleen; van Zÿl, J. J. R.This dissertation studies the experiences of 47 British soldiers as recorded in their first-hand accounts (diaries, letters, and personal remembrances) during the Anglo-Boer (South African) War between 1899 and 1902. Four facets of the experiences of these British soldiers during the War are studied. The first facet is the British soldiers’ journeys to South Africa, which includes their experiences of departing from home, the journey by ship to South Africa, and their first impressions upon landing. The second facet is the British soldiers’ experiences during campaigns, which includes their journeys to the front, experiences during battles, as well as everyday duties during campaigns. The third facet is the British soldiers’ experiences of life on the veld, which includes their experiences of sport and other pastimes, provisions such as food, water and clothing, as well as climate and animal life. The final facet studied is the experiences of British soldiers in social relations with South Africans and with other British soldiers, as well as experiences concerning religion and medical care. To this end, the dissertation used 47 first-hand accounts such as diaries, letters and personal remembrances that the British soldiers themselves documented during (or after) the war, recounting their personal attitudes and actions, namely their experiences. These first-hand accounts offer a glimpse into the lives of some of the men who fought in this important and impactful war. The experiences of the British soldiers with regard to the above-mentioned four facets diverged as the war progressed, and a marked distinction between the experiences of men who served during the four different phases of the war was clearly observed. The Anglo-Boer War may be split into four distinct phases, namely the Boer offensive (October 1899), the first British offensive (November 1899 to February 1900), the second British offensive (February to September 1900) and the guerrilla warfare phase (March 1900 to May 1900). Each phase had its own particular set of military circumstances which had an impact on the recorded experiences of British soldiers.Item Open Access The development and role of the Qwa-Qwa campus of the University Of the North, 1982-1998: a historical case study(University of the Free State, 1999) Semela, Mokena Stephen; Barnard, S. L.; Rademeyer, J. S.The Universities are European institutions. It is the product of Europe's High Middle Ages, 12th and 13th centuries. It has developed and transmitted scientific and scholarly knowledge and developed from Christian schools.¹ In the process of developing universities lost their semi-spirituality and more and more were seen as institutions that could make a direct contribution to the acceleration of economic growth or the promotion of social justice. Knowledge itself was seen as the primary product of higher education not students.² The modern university however, is not concerned with the knowledge only, but is more closely interrelated with its surroundings, it is part of the context in which it operates. According to Khotseng³, the point of university education is not for knowledge's sake or providing elitist education to the selected few, but for the broad requirements of improving the quality of life of all people in the society. ⁴ The best universities are those which strove for excellence in teaching, expertise and research at an international level as well as within the communities they serve. The universities in South Africa owed their origin to pioneer efforts of private citizens rather than state initiative. They are not state institutions but state-aided. In establishing its own system of university education South Africa has followed the practice of those countries which have mfuirnized the exercise of state power at the university level. Each university is a corporate body established by an Act of Parliament which endows the Council with general control of all the affairs of the university.⁵ The post-apartheid era in South Africa and the advent of reconstruction and development campaigns have ushered in a revitalised interest in universitycommunity interaction. The South African universities are now transforming their roles within an emerging socio-economic and cultural milieu. This era sees the universities reaching out to millions of citizens. By so doing they are becoming community-centred institutions whose existence and relevance are to be determined by the manner in which they respond to the needs of their catchment areas. This process of change has brought into focus the crucial importance of the university's role in society and the societal clairvoyance of the university. In a quintessence the functions of the university should be guided by societal needs and the specific national actuality.Item Open Access A history of the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) in South African politics, 2013-2018(University of the Free State, 2022) Soldaat, Mohau Martin; Masakure, C.; Passemiers, L. P. C.English: This dissertation uses books, chapters in books, newspaper clippings, internet sources and party documents to locate the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) history in South African politics from 2013 to 2018. The dissertation investigates the rationale behind the formation of the EFF and evaluates the political role that the EFF has played in South African politics from 2013-2018. It examines the rationale behind the formation of the EFF, maps the role of the EFF in South African politics, and further evaluates its participation in the 2014 national and 2016 local elections. It further looks into the role of the EFF in parliament and its impact from 2014 to 2018. It concludes that the EFF has played a critical role in South African politics. It illustrates that the EFF has positioned itself in the broader scope of South African politics through its active role in parliament and participation in the 2014 national and 2016 local government elections, respectively. The EFF played a critical role in taking votes from the voting constituencies and others of the ANC. In these two elections (2014 and 2016), the EFF has shown upward mobility, my dissertation compared the two in terms of voter turnout and votes that the EFF got. One noticeable phenomenon is the misuse of democratic centralism, which denies other leaders within the party to appear as equal and as important as Julius Malema.Item Open Access The Merebank concentration camp in Durban, 1901-1902(University of the Free State, 2000) Wohlberg, Annette Ursula; Wessels, A.Over the past century comparatively few comprehensive historical works have been written on the controversial and emotional issue of Anglo-Boer War concentration camps, leaving ample room for the latter-day historian to attempt to revisit this issue during the time of the centenary commemorations. Studies which have appeared on this topic, cover the historiographical spectrum. J.C. Otto's work, Die konsentrasiekampe, published in 1954, was written from a staunch Afrikaner nationalist perspective, which served to call up AC. Martin's The concentration camps 1900-1902: facts, figures and fables in 1957 as the British counter-argument. In the forty years since then, only three Masters degree research projects on the concentration camps have appeared: J.L. Hattingh, Die lrenekonsentrasiekamp; J.A. Krugell, Die Pietersburgse Konsentrasiekamp and J.J. Roodt, Die Port Elizabethse Konsentrasiekamp, 1899-1902. A work of monumental value during this period was S.B. Spies' Methods of barbarism? Roberts and Kitchener and civilians in the Boer republics, January 1900 - May 1902, which went a long way towards filling the void in the historical understanding of the fate of the Boer civilians. In the past few years, A.W.G. Raath and RM. Louw have completed studies on a number of concentration camps. Recently, researchers such as S.V. Kessler and B.E. Mongalo shifted the emphasis to the neglected history of black concentration camps. In spite of the above-mentioned works, no detailed academic research has as yet been done on any of the Natal concentration camps, leaving ample room for examinations into concentration camps in this geopolitical area. Proceeding from the viewpoint that the British concentration camp system during the Anglo-Boer War was part and parcel of the British military strategy and, as such, a necessary evil, this study aims to address and redress this shortcoming by placing the research focus on the largest concentration camp created during the Anglo-Boer War, namely the Merebank Concentration Camp. The study will, inter a/ia, address the following issues from a historical-scientific perspective, in an effort to obtain answers to several central questions: What were the exact reasons for the establishment of the Merebank Concentration Camp? Why was the Merebank Camp unique within the concentration e;amp set-up during the Anglo-Boer War? What exactly was life like in the camp? What economic and other advantages did the Merebank Camp bring for the inhabitants of Durban and surrounding areas? What psychological impact did the removal of thousands of women and children to an area outside the Boer republics have on these civilians? Before the reasons for the creation of the camp are discussed (see Chapter 2), the origins of the British concentration camp system are discussed in the introductory chapter. In Chapter 3, the camp administration and organisation are outlined. In the next chapter the focus falls on the camp inhabitants and their interaction with the environment. Then life in the camp is examined. The latter subject constitutes such a voluminous part of the study that it was decided to divide it into three chapters. The first of these chapters concerns itself with those issues over which the camp inhabitants had no control, namely accommodation, rations and education, while the second deals with those daily activities which were largely in their hands, namely religion, recreation, economics, politics and morals. The relationship between the people of colour and whites is also illuminated in this chapter. The third, and final chapter relating to camp life, is devoted to health matters, for the sole reason that concentration camps are historically associated with ill-health and death. Chapter 8 focuses on the interaction between the Merebank Concentration Camp and the city of Durban. The final chapter deals with events in the Merebank Camp after peace was declared, as well as the breaking up of the camp, and a concluding perspective is given. This study is primarily based on archival research. Much archival material, especially in the form of official monthly reports, the British Command Papers, letters, despatches and documents exist, proving of great assistance in offering information about the administration and running of the camp. Insight regarding camp life and the influence the internment had on the camp inhabitants was, to a great extent, provided by the camp inhabitants themselves. Published diaries such as Tant Miem Fischer se kampdagboek Mei 1901 - Augustus 1902, personal reports that were included in the compilations of women such as Emily Hobhouse, M. M. Postma, and E. Neethling, provide a wealth of information. Sources in private collections of individuals, who were prepared to share their archivalia, supplied the researcher with fresh historical perspectives. Newspaper reports, although giving a rather one-sided view, were found to be valuable, especially in ascertaining the attitude of the press and the Colony of Natal towards the Merebank Camp inhabitants. Numerous photographs served as valuable visual images of what life might have been like in Merebank.Item Open Access Drankpagte gedurende die eerste honderd jaar van die bewind van die N.O.I.K. aan die Kaap(University of the Free State, 1955) Krause, Gideon Jacobus; Oberholster, J. J.Item Open Access Mapping liberation through song: the impact of anti-apartheid popular music and protest/liberation songs in South Africa and the diaspora, 1950-1994(University of the Free State, 2021-11) Jaftha, Keanan Christine; Twala, C.This study aims to analyse the role that popular music and protest/liberation songs played in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa, spanning across the era of apartheid rule from 1948 until 1994. This study discusses multiple aspects of popular music opposing apartheid, and non-commercial music as drivers for liberation. Consequently, this study will provide a multi-dimensional view of the mechanisms promoting protest songs, the artists that opposed apartheid through song, State censorship as a response to resistance, and the role of the international community. From the inception of apartheid, the liberation struggle was fought on various fronts. This study contends that the influence of liberation/protest music on the anti-apartheid struggle was a forerunner in cultural resistance, both locally and in the diaspora.Item Open Access National Socialism and Nazism in South Africa: The case of L.T. Weichardt and his Greyshirt movements, 1933-1946(University of the Free State, 2021-05) Bouwer, Werner; Kompi, B. H.; De Wet, W.In 1933, the world saw Adolf Hitler and National Socialism taking power in Germany. That same year on the other side of the globe, South Africans saw the establishment of the first of many Greyshirt movements modelled on National Socialism and pro-Nazi by Louis Theodore Weichardt. This study thus analyses the multiple complex factors which inspired and gave rise to Weichardt and his Greyshirt movements, which includes Weichardt’s early life, him fighting for Germany in World War One (WWI) and his subsequent experiences in the turbulent Weimar Republic. The 1920s and 1930s socio-economic sphere of South Africa characterised by labour unrest, anti-communism, Afrikaner political divide, republicanism and the poor white problem will also be scrutinised as factors which led Weichardt to create his Greyshirt movements. It is also indisputable that the Greyshirt movements went through various transformations such as from the non-parliamentary South African Christian National Socialist Movement (SACNSM) to a parliamentary South African National Party (SANP) and back again to a non-parliamentary movement the South African National Socialist Union (SANSU). This study discussed the reasons and new functions that went along with every transformation. The level of direct and indirect cooperation and connection between Weichardt and the Nazis will be also presented.Item Open Access Die aandeel van Ds. J. C. du Plessis in verband met 'n nasionale onderwysbeleid vir die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, met spesiale verwysing na sy werk in die I.K.K. en O.V.S.O.V.(University of the Free State, 1979-12) Greyvenstein, Diederick Johannes; Vermaak, D.Afrikaans: Die doel van die ondersoek is om die aandeel van ds. J.C. du Plessis na te vors ten opsigte van die verkryging van ‘n nasionale beleid vir die onderwys van blankes in Suid-Afrika deur spesiaal te verwys na sy rol in die Interkerklike Komitee (I.K.K.) en die Oranje-Vrystaatse Onderwysersvereniging (O.V.S.O.V.). Ter aanvang word kortliks verwys na die begrip nasionale onderwysbeleid en Wet 39 van 1967. Beginsels wat meer toeligting ontvang is die Christelike, nasionale, moedertaal-, differensiasie- en ouermedeseggenskapbeginsel. Die ontstaan van die vervlegting van die samelewingsverbande, kerk en skool van die Afrikaner wat die grondslag vorm vir onderwysbemoeiing deur die kerk word ook inleidend bespreek. Daar word op gewys dat dié noue verband tussen kerk en skool dateer uit die Hérvorming en tydens die volksplanting aan die Kaap op die onderwys alhier oorgedra is. Enkele wysgerige beginsels, te wete: die soewereiniteits- en vervlegtingsbegineels van gesagstrukture wat ten grondslag lê van die noue verband tussen die Afrikaner se kerk en skool en verklaar waarom die kerk en veral die N.G. Kerk, hom so indirek bemoei met die onderwys, geniet aandag. ‘n Voorbeeld van die kerk se bemoeienis met die onderwys is die stigting van die I.K.K. Hiervan was ds. Du Plesciis eers lid en later voorsitter. Van die O.V.S.O.V. wat heelwat later sy steun aan die I.K.K. toegesê het, het ds. Du Plessis na aftrede as predikant sekretaris geword. Na voltooiing van sy studies was ds. Du Plessis predikant op Jagersfontein en Bethlehem waar hy gou betrokke geraak het in onderwysaangeleenthede. Hierna word hy beroep na Beaufort-Wes in Kaapland waar hy sy segregrasieskema ten opsigte van Blanke en Kleurlingskole en koshuise deurvoer. Tydens hierdie periode red hy die Kaapse opvoedingskommissie van ontbinding en word die voorsitter daarvan. Ds. Ou Plessis word later die Kaapse verteenwoordiger op die I.C.N.U. van die F.A.K. en beywer hom vir C.N.O. As voorsitter van die Sinodale opvoedingskommissie het hy die omstrede De Villiers-onderwysverslag van 1948, die voorloper van ‘n nasionale onderwysbeleid, deeglik bestudeer en in tydskrifte toegelig. Toe ds. Du Plessis as predikant in die Transvaal gewerk het, het hy die provinsie se Sinodale Opvoedingskommissie geaktiveer om uitvoering te gee aan die Verslag se aanbevelings veral ten opsigte van ‘n nasionale onderwysbeleid vir gekoördineerde en gedifferensieerde onderwys vir blankes in Suid-Afrika. Die drie Afrikaanse susterskerke het vir die doel die I.K.K. gestig wat talle onderhoude met die onderwysowerhede gevoer het vir die verkryging van on nasionale onderwysbeleid. Hierdie I.K.K. het die omstrede memorandum opgestel vir die opheffing en beëindiging van verdeelde onderwysbeheer op middelbare vlak. Na heelwat onderhandelinge met die betrokke onderwysowerhede, is die MORtert-Mosie in Februarie 1955 in die Parlement ingedien waarna die regering geleidelik in die rigting van 'n nasionale onderwysbeleid beweeg het. Toe ds. Du Plessis in 1956 sy emeritaat aanvaar het, het hy as voorsitter van die I.K.K. bedank. Hierna het hy die pos as hoofsekretaris van die Oranje-Vrystaatse Onderwysersvereniging aanvaar. Sy invloed en bekwaamheid as hoofsekretaris het baie beteken vir die onderwys. Sy tydskrifartikels in Die Skoolblad waarvan hy die redakteur was, het etlike honderde getel wat die weg probeer voorberei het vir die verkryging van 'n nasionale onderwysbeleid vir die Republiek van Suid-Afrika. In 1966 lê hy die tuig neer as hoofsekretaris van die O.V.S.O.V., maar bly nog aan as redakteur van Die Skoolblad tot einde 1969. Ds. Du Plessis het onteenseglik ‘n groot bydrae gelewer tot die verkryging van 'n nasionale beleid vir die onderwys van blankes in Suid- Afrika.Item Open Access Historical perspective of women as victims of human rights violations and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa (TRC), 1996-1998(University of the Free State, 2011-11) Mbatha, Ntando Phindile Zamashandu; Oelofse, M. M.In South Africa, women are in most cases reduced to secondary citizens. This enhances misconceptions that women did not play a significant role during the apartheid era. Even during the apartheid era, the struggle against unjust laws was seen as a man’s job; women were expected to sit at home and raise children. However, this perception is a fallacy. It became clear by the narratives shared during the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa (TRC) that women played a role; a very important one. Therefore, the history of South Africa is incomplete without the acknowledgement of women’s role. Using the TRC as a case study, this research attempts to illustrate and analyse the role of women in reconstructing the past. It is true that many historians and researchers have written about the TRC; however, the issue of women as victims of human rights violations has been seen as ‘unfinished business’. It is therefore the researcher’s aim to stimulate more research on the subject of women as victims and their role during the apartheid era, as well as their statements and testimonies to the TRC. The purpose of this study is to highlight the role played by women during the struggle against apartheid as it emerged from the testimonies of women – with the majority African women - and to remove the belief that only men played a role in the liberation struggle in South Africa. The researcher focused on the victim hearings of the Human Rights Violations Committee and also the Special Hearings for women that were held during the TRC proceedings. Women became more recognised, especially after the Special Hearings which opened up an understanding by South Africans of the role women played and the human rights violations they endured. Thus, this research will provide some information on a field that has been under-explored, in the hope that this will elicit future research. Particularly, the study aims to highlight the role women played, as well as to remind the nation of what women went through, as their role must not be forgotten and become insignificant after the TRC process came to an end. Three case studies will be looked at, of three women who testified before the TRC. The aim is to obtain their view and perspectives on the whole TRC process; how they experienced it, whether they experienced any form of healing and if, given the chance, to do it again would they be willing to do so. Oral interviews were conducted with these three women. The reader should notice the difference between the ways the three interviews were conducted. This also highlights the fact that the women’s stories are a sensitive issue and should thus be treated accordingly. The qualitative research method was employed, as the study is concerned with the recordings of these victims who experienced violations of human rights during the period 1960-1994, which was the period under investigation by the TRC. Oral history methodology is also employed as the study is about the personal memories and narratives of the victims. In essence, it uncovers not only the verbal articulations, but also the non-verbal clues. The value of oral history in this context is the fact that it gives a voice to the voiceless and in the process giving a platform to women to share their narratives which have in the past been left untold. Additionally, the researcher made use of the traditional methods of historical research. This required consultation with various sources and the collection of all possible information dealing with women and the TRC. The focus was on primary and secondary sources, including special reports, the internet, journals, books and audiovisual material, oral testimonies, as well as personal interviews. The mini-thesis is structured into the following chapters: Chapter one gives a background to the establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa, explaining what the purpose of the Commission and what gross violations of human rights entail. A profile of women who testified at the TRC is also provided. Chapter two focuses on the Special Hearings for women held in three regions; the aims of these hearings and how this process made the TRC more gender sensitive. Chapter three highlights what women revealed during the victim hearings and Special Hearings for women. Other victim hearings where women testified were also scrutinised, for example, the Prison Hearings. The three case studies were dealt with in this section. Chapter four focuses on what we now know about human rights violations against women that were revealed by the TRC process. The last chapter provides an evaluation, where the researcher evaluates the whole study, as well as giving pointers for future research. The documents of the TRC are housed in the National Archives and Records Service of South Africa (NARS) in Pretoria. Researchers and the public may gain access to all the video tapes of Human Rights Violations Hearings, as well as the TRC Special Report SABC Programme that is housed in NARS. The translations of all the victim hearings are available on the internet and it is through these translations that the wider public may gain access to the TRC victim hearings. It is important to note that this study is not about the whole process of the TRC. It is known to the researcher that the TRC had three committees; however, for the purpose of this study, only the Human Rights Violations Committee will be discussed, with some background mention of the other Committees. The study covers the period 1996-1998. It is common knowledge that the TRC came into existence in 1995 with the introduction of the Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act No. 34 (the Act); however, it started its activities only in 1996 with the first victim hearings being held in April of that year. Since the TRC had a limited time frame (1960-1994) imposed on it by the Act, the TRC process covered a mere fraction of the apartheid era, dealing with only human rights violations which, as set out by the Act, were: killing, abduction, torture and severe ill-treatment. Therefore, this study was also limited to the time-frame of the TRC. The TRC covered a large number of activities which could not be exhausted. Given the scope of this mini-thesis, only a fraction of the information was used by the researcher which resulted in a careful selection of victim hearings that assisted in emphasising the aim of the study. Therefore, the activities and testimonies examined in this study were by no means the only processes with which the TRC was involved. Though this study focuses on the TRC process and women, this should not be seen as a complete study or the final word on the topic. The aim is not to provide answers, but to stimulate further research on the issue of women and the TRC. There are still unanswered questions concerning the story of women and the TRC in general. This is thus not the whole story; however, it provides a perspective on the above-mentioned topic. Therefore, it is advisable that this study be seen as not the last word on the subject. It is hoped that the study will stimulate further historical investigation into the area as more information is made available. The value of this research is the fact that it is fresh and there is still continuing debate on the subject. The contemporary nature of this study also means that most of the women who came before the TRC are still alive. Consequently, they can be contacted and further interviews and research can be conducted with them.Item Open Access A historical perspective of the information scandal(University of the Free State, 2016-11) Haasbroek, Joshua Kruger; Stemmet, J-A.; Oelofse, M. M.English: The Information Scandal, also known as Muldergate Scandal, originated when Prime Minister John Vorster and members of the Department of Information realised that international and local opinion were hostile towards the white dominated regime and its apartheid laws. The unwanted image of apartheid resulted in the deterioration of vital international links, trade, and cooperation with foreign nationalities. In order to combat this negative representation of South Africa, the Department of Information resorted to an unorthodox propaganda campaign in the 1970s. The Minister of the Department of Information, Dr Connie Mulder, and the Secretary of Information, Dr Eschel Rhoodie, believed unconventional methods of influencing opinions were justified for South Africa's survival. The Department of Information's propaganda campaign started to gain traction in 1974 when Vorster concurred to allocate a huge amount of resources to the programme. In the five years that the clandestine propaganda campaign was active, approximately 180 information projects were operational and cost millions of rand to fund. By 1977 cracks were starting to appear in the clandestine operation. A report leaked by the Auditor-General, Gerald Barrie, revealed the misuse of state funds. The Department of Information was convinced that no one would notice if irregularities of R64 million occurred. However, between 1977 and 1979 journalists exposed many of the secret operations. The Scandal ruined the political careers of Vorster, with the Head of the Bureau of State Security (BOSS), General Hendrik van den Bergh, as well as Mulder and Rhoodie. Muldergate left the Minister of Defence, P.W. Botha, with an opportunity to depose Mulder and later Vorster, ultimately securing the position of Prime Minister. While Rhoodie left the country to become a fugitive, Vorster and Mulder were taking the full brunt of the allegations. In the process, Mulder lost his leadership position within the NP, while Vorster retired as Prime Minister in 1978 and became the Ceremonial President of South Africa. Later that same year, Vorster was forced to resign from his new post in disgrace after the Erasmus Commission found him accountable of being actively involved in the Information Debacle. After more than thirty years since the Information Scandal settled, this study conveys a comprehensive history of the disinformation campaign. The main research objective of this dissertation is to view the events of the Information Scandal as they unfolded, and after exploring the events of the Information Scandal, to be able to answer two main questions. Firstly, the approach the Department of Information applied and the impact that the propaganda campaign had on its targeted audience with an attempt to reveal whether the campaign was initially successful, or not. The second question addresses the consequences of the scandal when it met public scrutiny: how did the scandal influenced the individuals, the political sphere of South Africa and the international community's reaction. In the analysis of the Information Scandal from a contemporary perspective, the dissertation uncovers new insights into the betrayals, cover ups and deceit. It explains the use of unorthodox propaganda and its consequences from a historical point of view in assessing the successes, failures and options faced by those involved in the scandal. Hence, it creates a comprehensive historical narrative of the Information Scandal. The most notable feature of this research is how a mainly Afrikaner regime battled and tried to keep itself in power in a changing democratic world by means of persuasion and deceit.Item Open Access The origin and the development of Black nationalism in South Africa up to 1960(University of the Free State, 1996-11) Lefuo, E. M.; Barnard, LeoAbstract not availableItem Open Access The reasons for the annexation of Lesotho 1868 a new perspective(University of the Free State, 1998-05) Lelimo, Martin Moloantoa; Barnard, S. L.The annexation of Lesotho in 1868 by Great Britain has been interpreted by previous historians in various ways. Most have emphasised the economic, humanitarian and moral factors which compelled Wadehouse to declare Basotho to be British subjects. While these factors were real and cannot be ignored, the more important immediate cause of the annexation at that point in time were Britain's regional geo-political concerns: namely, the need Fa prevent the Orange Free State from breaking out of the neo-colonial framework imposed on it by Britain through the Bloemfontein Convention of 1854. In other words, if the OFS were to overrun Lesotho and head for the Transkei coast, it could then establish independent relations with foreign powers through Port St. John's. This factor has been played down or even forgotten by most historians. The new perspective articulated in this thesis seeks to place it back on centre-stage. In order to put the final act of annexation into proper historical perspective, this thesis explores carefully the various treaties and relations which existed between Lesotho and Britain from 1842 onwards. During the period 1842-47, Britain was pleased to assert Lesotho' s right to its land and protection for its citizens against the encroachments of the white settlers of Transorangia. This period of the Treaty States gave way to that of the Orange River Sovereignty in 1848, when Sir Harry Smith annexed the entire region for Britain and tried to establish proper mechanisms for peace and justice for both black and white. As this experiment failed, a scapegoat was needed. Moshoeshoe, previously viewed as the source of peace and as a man prepared to compromise for the common good, now became in Smith's view the source of tension and a proud ruler who needed to be put in his place. Attacked twice by the British, Moshoeshoe was not humbled militarily; through skilful diplomacy, he regained the confidence of Governor Cathcart. As Britain had already decided upon a policy of abandoning the Orange River Sovereignty, the only question which needed to be answered was this: What status would Moshoeshoe, her traditional ally, enjoy under the new dispensation. Clerk, entrusted with the task of disentangling Britain from the ORS, gave Moshoeshoe strong assurances concerning his land claims while at the same time he told the white settlers the opposite, thus leaving the border situation confused and unresolved. Clerk also agreed to the white settlers' request for an embargo on arms and ammunition against the Basotho. Britain's "neutrality" was thus highly advantageous to the newly formed Orange Free State. Nonetheless, during the First Basotho-Boer War of 1858, the Basotho emerged victorious due to their numerical superiority and the Boer's realisation .that they could win individual battles but they could not subdue the Basotho. The British, through Governor Grey, gave more land to the Free State however in the hope of persuading it to join a white federation of states. Moshoeshoe had thus won the war but lost the peace. Though disillusioned with the British, Moshoeshoe knew that in the long run, he had no choice but to seek closer ties with Britain ifhe was to have any hope of resisting the land hungry white settlers. In 1861, Moshoeshoe formally asked to become a subject of the Queen. This request was followed up carefully but, unfortunately, came to nothing. Seven more years were to pass and the Basotho would be terribly humbled in battle during the Second and Third Basotho-Boer Wars before the British finally acted to save the Basotho from complete defeat, fearing as has been said that a victorious OFS would then push on to the coast/and break out of the encirclement imposed on it by Britain. The historical legacy of injustice from this period has never been forgotten by the Basotho nation. The issue of Lesothos Conquered Territory, lost to the Orange Free State with the blessing of Britain, is still alive and perhaps the time has finally arrived for justice to be done now that South Africa is finally ruled by a government elected by all of her people.Item Open Access Die begrip "people's history" en die betekenis en toepassing daarvan in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks(University of the Free State, 1996) Kruizinga, Jelle Christiaan; Moll, J. C.; Frijhoff, W. Th. M.English: People's history as part of radical social history is part of a movement known as the "new history". The "new history" is a reaction against traditional historical writing that deals particularly with the political aspects of the past and the lives of so called important persons. In reaction to traditional historical writing, people's history deals with the subjective life experience of ordinary people in the past. Who and what the ordinary people are, depends on the country and context in which people's history is written, but includes groups like workers, women and blacks. Ordinary people are usually those who have either little power or no power and who are frequently being exploited or oppressed. People's history is a rather vague term, but this vagueness brings about freedom in the writing of history. Influences on the development of "people's history" include: the rise of the mass political movements especially sine the nineteenth century, radical-liberal and Fabian interest in the livelihood of ordinary people, and the French "Annales"-school's emphasis on total history. In spite of influences from many countries, people's history developed to its full potential in Britain, under the guidance of Marxist inspired historians. From 1966 with the establishment of the first History Workshop in Britain, people's history spread to countries like the USA, Germany, where "people's history" is called "Alltagsgeschicte", and to South Africa. In all of these countries people's history shows a distinctive character. A debate over the role of structuralism versus human agency divided Marxist historians in various countries into two groups. The structuralists were of the opinion that the real life experience of ordinary people in the past is of no importance to the study of history. People's history accuse structuralists of placing too much emphasis on abstract impersonal factors. Writers of people's history advocate an empirical method through which human agency will be acknowledged. In South Africa, people's history developed, in the late seventies, as on the one side a reaction against structuralist radical history and on the other side as a reaction against Liberal and Afrikanernationalist history writing. The revolutionary climate of the eighties helped to establish "people's history as a historiographical tradition in South Africa. People's history is of the opinion that historians are always influenced by their personal ideological beliefs and value systems and will therefore reflect wittingly or unwittingly on their work. The emancipation of ordinary people from exploitation and oppression is a political aim to which "people's history" would like to make a deliberate contribution. Presentism is often the result of people's history's involvement with contemporary political issues. Certain postmodernist tendencies like the rejection of the grand narratives and the modernization theory as well as the need to decentralise history, are all part of people's history. Particularly the rejection of the base-superstructure model, through the prominence given to n-on-class factors such as culture, ideology et cetera, is a rejection by people's history of rigid Marxism. Except for people's history's political motives within the broader society, it also aims at democratising the subject of History and its writing. The history workshops, attempts to decentralise knowledge of the past and the encouragement of different groups to write people's history, is an important contribution towards the democratisation of History. Creativity and imagination, for instance the use of oral history, is necessary for people's historians to discover sources on the past of ordinary people. People's history makes use of qualitative rather than quantitative sources and methods to show best what role the ordinary people played in the past. In essence people's history is a rejection of the idea of objectivity, and therefore rather advocates radical plurality in history as a starting point for a discourse on the complexity of the human past.Item Open Access Environmentalism in South Africa, 1972-1992: an historical perspective(University of the Free State, 1998-11) Steyn, Maria Sophia; Wessels, AndreEnglish: The latter half of the twentieth century has seen an unprecedented growth in humankind's concern for the natural environment and its finite capability to absorb unchecked industrial and demographic growth. This concern was first and foremost a global phenomenon and led directly to the emergence of global environmentalism from the late 1960s onwards. A key component in the history of the global environmental movement was the initiatives taken by the United Nations (UN) aimed at getting the governments of the world involved in and committed to strategies to remedy widespread environmental degradation. To achieve this goal the UN convened what turned out to be the two watershed events in global environmentalism, namely the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE) in Stockholm in 1972 and the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The purpose of this study is to provide an account of the history of the environmental movement in South Africa and the country's participation in the global environmental movement between UNCHE in 1972 and UNCED in 1992. South Africa's position in the global environmental movement between 1972 and 1992 was dubious at best. Due to the government's domestic policy of apartheid, South Africa was isolated in the international political arena, which impacted negatively on the country's involvement in global environmentalism. With only limited participation allowed in global environmentalism, the South African environmental movement did not stay in touch with the important changes that occurred on an international level in that it failed to identify and address the paradigm shift towards sustainable development from 1987 onwards. Although isolated, South Africa did participate in some aspects of the global environmental movement, notably those that involved the conservation of fauna and flora, while the government proved less willing to participate in global initiatives which could possibly place restrictions on the economic development of the country. South African environmentalism developed differently from its counterparts in other countries between 1972 and 1992, owing to the limited participation of both governmental and non-governmental role-players in the global environmental movement, and because of the political situation within South Africa in the same period. Although the government and the environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs) responded to some aspects of the new environmental agenda that emerged alongside global environmentalism in the late 1960s, South African .environmentalism between 1972 and 1988 remained largely focused on the conservation of fauna and flora. Important new trends in the official administration of environmental affairs were addressed with the creation of a state department for environmental affairs and the adoption of general environmental legislation. However, in contrast to national movements elsewhere in the world, the South African environmental movement between 1972 and 1988 was characterised by its apolitical nature. The environment only became a political issue in South Africa from 1988 onwards with the founding of Earthlife Africa and like-minded ENGOs which linked the widespread environmental degradation in South Africa with the government's domestic policy of apartheid. Through their activities the new environmentalist ENGOs broadened the scope of the environmental agenda of South African environmentalism and opened the movement up to new role-players such as antiapartheid organisations, political parties and labour unions. However, despite these new developments between 1988 and 1992, by 1992 the South African environmental movement was still a long way from reversing the detrimental human impact on the natural environment. The developments in South African environmentalism between 1972 and 1992 were therefore but the first tentative steps towards improving the South African environment.Item Open Access Die Maleierkamp van Kimberley 1882 - 1957(University of the Free State, 1992) Africa, Edward John; Geyser, O.English: Shortly after the discovery of the dry diggings, the London and South African Exploration Company was registered in order to acquire lands in South Africa for mining and exploring In March 1871, the London and South African Exploration Company and the Hopetown Diamond Company merged into a limited liability company under the former title. Their head office was in London, with a local office in, Kimberley. J.B. Currey, the local manager, was responsible for reporting to the London Board of Directors, which formulated the company's policy. The property comprised the farms Bultfentel n, Dorstfontein and Alexanderfontei n. The townships of Beaconsfield and Newton formed part of the estate. By the issue of proclamation no. 71 of 1871, portions of the farms Vooruitzight, Bultfontein and Dorstfontein were declared public diggings in October 1871. The influx of fortune-seekers and unskilled Iabourers resulted in a large cosmopolitan population arising on the diggings. The huge demand for labour, and the comparatively high wages attracted thousands of migrant Natives. The accumulation of a large heterogeneous population led to the emergence of a permanent proletariat. There was a marked increase in crime, and the maintenance of law and order placed high demands on the limited police force. A band of exceptionally dedicated clergymen from various denominations grasped the opportunity to spread the Gospel amongst the diversified population. Since the inception of the diamond fields, the inhabitants occupied stands, erven and holdings at Bultfontein, Dorstfontein and Newton under leasehold, tenure or licences. Under this form of licence, the tenant had no proprietary right. The Malay Camp was entirely leasehold property. It was situated in the Newton township in the middle of the estate. The camp was started by Malay transport drivers who flocked to the diggings in search of work or in the hope of wealth. Originally the Malay Camp was more or less an exclusive Muslim residential area. This was the best residential portion of Kimberley. Gradually Newton became occupied principally by coloured people and Mohammedans, both of Indian and Cape extraction. After 1880 the Malay Camp developed into a densely populated racially mixed residential area. Even in the best of times, the Malay Camp was justly considered one of the worst slums in South Africa. The unfortunate poverty-stricken inhabitants were forced to live in run-down hovels unfit for human habitation. The overcrowded, squalid neighbourhood was the most vulnerable in times of epidemics. Gradually a growing consensus took root among whites regarding the removal of non-whites from the Malay Camp to municipal native locations and segregated residential areas on the outskirts of Kimberley. The petitioners lodged complaints with the authorities about the lack of sanitary facilities, the appalling housing conditions and the fear for the outbreak and spreading of infectious diseases. Councillors and health officers were resolute as to the removal and demolition of the dilapidated Malay Camp. On 22 September 1899, the De Beers Consolidated Mines, Ltd. purchased the properties of their former landlords, the London and South African Exploration Company. By virtue of the Deed of Donation, the City council became the rightful owner of the De Beers Estate. In terms of clauses 10 and 11 of the Deed of Donation the municipality undertook - and bound itself - to terminate and cancel all stand licences held by non-Europeans by 31 December 1953, without prior consultation or negotiations with the Malay Camp residents, and to demolish the area not later than 31 December 1959. The official notice to quit was strongly condemned by the standholders. The said racial discriminatory clauses of the agreement were criticized by the perturbed community. The implementation of the Slum Act and the Group Areas Act precipitated the clearance and demolition of the Malay Camp. The slum clearance which was started in the 1940's, made way for the development of the new Cïvic Centre. The centre was to provide a complex for Kimberley's social, cultural and administrative activities. It arose from the rubble where some five hundred decaying houses were occupied by the poorer non-European groups for some eighty years, prior to the forced removal and disintegration of a cosmopolitan society and the establishment of a municipal administrative conglomerate.Item Open Access Die ontwikkelingsgeskiedenis van die Vrystaat tydens die administrateurskap van J. W. J. C. (Sand) du Plessis(University of the Free State, 1988) Du Plessis, Petrus Jacobus Prieur; Combrink, N. L.Afrikaans: 'n Studie is gemaak oor die breë front van die ontwikkelingsgeskiedenis van die Vrystaat vanaf 1959 tot 1969. Uit die aard van die saak is dit 'n geweldige wye onderwerp en kon slegs dieptesnitte gemaak word rondom die heel belangrikste fasette van die provinsiale administrasie se verpligtinge wat in dieselfde tydvak nagekom moes word. Inderwaarheid korreleer die stof voortdurend met mekaar en vloei dit soms ineen. Ter wille van 'n logiese beeld is daar probeer om die fasette te skei en afsonderlik te hanteer, hoewel dit eintlik alles onderhewig was aan 'n totale beplanningstrategie van die Administrateur-in-Rade. Die Administrateur kon op sigself geen beslissing op sy eie neem sonder die goedkeuring van die Uitvoerende Komitee nie. Die gesamentlike vergadering van genoemde betrokkenes staan bekend as die Administrateur-in-Rade. Die wye omvang van optrede deur die administrasie op soveel verskillende terreine verleen 'n gedrongenheid van faktore en aspekte aan die verhandeling wat dit moontlik kan laat lyk na 'n opeenhoping van gegewens. Dit is eintlik niks anders nie as 'n weerspieëling van die baie ysters wat die Administrateur en sy Uitvoerende Komitee in die vuur gehad het. Die veelheid van faktore en aspekte wat dus onder die loep geneem is, is grootliks te wyte aan die wye spektrum van sake wat op die Administrateur en sy personeel se sakelys was, eerder as wat dit 'ngebrek aan struktuur is. Dit verklaar terselfdertyd waarom dit nie moontlik was om 'n deurlopende chronologie op te bou deur die tema in verhaaltrant uit te bou nie. Daar moes telkens sekere. dieptesnitte gedoen word van ontwikkelings wat gelyktydig plaasgevind het, sodat die chronologie dikwels die onderspit moes delf, ter wille van die behoud van struktuur. Die onder-struktuur van elke hoofstuk is nietemin tematies aangepak vir sover dit enigsins moontlik was. Baie onderhoude is gevoer ten einde die tydsklimaat en omstandighede duidelik te verstaan. Veel meer aandag is egter verleen aan die dokumentêre bewyse aangesien dit meer gedetailleerd, presieser en dus meer gesaghebbend is. Uiteindelik het die dokumente en die onderhoude mekaar ryklik aangevul. In 'n poging om die ontwikkelingsgeskiedenis van die Vrystaat sinvol uit te bou en te evalueer, was dit telkens nodig om veralook na die periode vóór Du Plessis se termyn as Administrateur te kyk. Daarsonder sou veel verlore gegaan het en kon 'nobjektiewe mening kwalik gevorm word. Dit was daarom nodig om ook na sy rol in die uitbouing van die Vrystaat te kyk in die periode voordat hy Administrateur geword het en dit in samehang te beskou met ontwikkeling wat plaasgevind het na hyself die leisels oorgeneem het. Sodoende word 'nveel bevredigender beeld verkry van die persoonlike bydrae en inisiatief wat van Du Plessis uitgegaan het om die Vrystaat in die dekade sestig so duidelik op die pad van ontwikkeling en groei te plaas. Die bewys hiervan lê in sy hele optrede. Die tweede en derde hoofstukke en ook hoofstuk sewe spreek van die historiese agterstand wat deur die jare in die Vrystaat opgebou is op die gebiede van hospitalisasie, onderwys, paaie en natuurbewaring en die pogings wat aangewend is om dit te verander. Hoofstuk twee gee die leser 'nbeter beeld van die spesifieke tydsgewrig en omstandighede waaronder Du Plessis die leisels oorgeneem het. Hoofstuk vyf handel spesifiek oor die waarde wat aan beplanning en die kontrolering van projekte toegeken is, terwyl hoofstuk vier rondom toerisme gebruik word om 'n unieke model as uitvloeisel van dié beplanning te beskrywe. Hoofstuk ses, wat oor Oranjejag handel, is op sigself 'n merkwaardige gebeurtenis in die Vrystaatse en dalk in die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis. Dit is 'n unieke voorbeeld van pionierswerk wat deur onbegrip aan bande gelê is en daarom moeilik sy kinderskoene ontgroei het.Item Open Access Die "gesuiwerde" Nasionale Party 1935-1940(University of the Free State, 1972) Le Roux, Jan Hendrik; Oberholster, J. J.Afrikaans: Met hierdie verhandeling word gepoog om 'n uiteensetting te gee van die totstandkoming van die "Gesuiwerde" Nasionale Party en sy bestaan gedurende die jare 1934 en 1940. Ten einde die stigting van die Party na behore te begryp, was dit nodig om kortliks die gebeure rondom koalisie en samesmelting in 1933 en 1934 na te speur. Op die stigting van die Party het ses troebele jare gevolg, waarin daar diverse invloede op die Afrikaner en die Party ingewerk het. die eenheidsideaal wat met soveel ywer nagestreef is, het die Party steeds ontwyk. Na die uitbreek van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog het die sogenaamde Herenigde Nasionale Party of Volksparty tot stand gekom wat, hoewel nie volkome hereniging van die Afrikaner op politieke gebied gebring het nie, tog 'n nuwe era van samewerking ingelui het. Die tydperk wat deur hierdie verhandeling gedek word, is reeds sydelings in verskeie werke oor die Suid-Afrikaanse politieke geskiedenis belig. Veral het M. P. A. Malan in Die Nasionale Party van Suid-Afrika en G. D. Scholtz in sy biografie van dr. N. J. van der Merwe waardevolle inligting oor die tydperk verstrek. Dit is egter getrag om veel dieper te delf. Heelwat gebeure kon slegs aan die hand van koerantberigte nagespeur word. Die Burger, Die Volksblad en die Transvaler wat as partymondstukke van die Nasionale Party gedien het, was in hierdie verband die hoofbronne waaruit stof versamel is. Daarbenewens egter is eerstehandse kennis verkry uit die private dokumenteversamelings van die E. H. Louw, E. G. Jansen, M. P. A. Malan en die kongresnotules en Nasionale Party stukke wat in die Instituut vir Eietydse Geskiedenis aan die Universiteit van die Oranje-Vrystaat bewaar word. Die N. J. van der Merwe-versameling in die Vrystaatse Argief was van buitengewone belang, maar ongelukkig was die privaat-versameling van genl. J. B. M. Hertzog en dr. D. F. Malan nie vir navorsing beskikbaar nie.Item Open Access Die verhouding tussen die Nasionale party en die Suid-Afrikaanse Party, 1924-1929(University of the Free State, 1975) Coetzer, P. W.; Van Schoor, M. C. E.Afrikaans: Die verhouding tussen die Suid-Afrikaanse Party en die Nasionale Party, 1924-1929 is van belang omrede daar tot op die huidige weinig akademiese verhandelings en proefskrifte oor hierdie periode in die Suid-Afrikaanse politieke geskiedenis die lig gesien het. Die tema van dié verhandeling is nie gerig op formele partygeskiedenis, hetsy van die Nasionale Party, Suid-Afrikaanse Party of Arbeidersparty nie. Daar is bloot getrag om aan die hand van die belangrikste politieke gebeurtenisse van dié tyd die verhoudingsituasie tussen die twee grootste partye, die Suid-Afrikaanse- en die Nasionale Party, uit te lig en te ontleed. Soms het velerlei gebeurtenisse en uitlatings 'n betrokke verhoudingsituasie in die hand gewerk en was dit noodsaaklik om die voorafgaande politieke en geskiedkundige agtergrond redelik volledig te skets ten einde die partyverhouding duidelik te belig, en veral omdat hierdie agtergrond nog nie elders wetenskaplik behandel is nie. Hoewel daar vrylik van gepubliseerde en ongepubliseerde bronne-materiaal gebruik gemaak is, is veral argivale bronne en periodieke publikasies geraadpleeg. Groot waarde is aan persoonlike korrespondensie geheg, aangesien briewe dikwels die intiem-persoonlike openbaar. Hier is swaar geleun op stof uit veral die versamelings van J.C. Smuts, J.B.M. Hertzog, E.G. Jansen, C.R. Swart, F.H.P. Creswell en G.S. PreIIer. Min navorsingsprobleme is ondervind, maar dit is tog jammer dat die dokumente-versameling van die prominente politieke figuur uit hierdie tydperk, naamlik dié van die destydse Minister van Binnelandse Sake, dr. D.F. Malan, nie vir navorsing toeganklik is nie. Daar is gepoog om die nuusblaaie en periodieke publikasies wat die twee hoofpartye gesteun het in 'n gebalanseerde verhouding te raadpleeg. Vanweë die omvangryke navorsingsmateriaal is soms probleme met die sintese en selektering van die stof ondervind, aangesien daar soveel bydraende faktore, hetsy in die vorm van gebeurtenisse of uitsprake is, wat In verhoudingsituasie tussen twee partye kon beinvloed het.Item Open Access Die sendingaktiwiteite van die Ned. Geref. Kerk in die Oranje-Vrystaat tot 1910(University of the Free State, 1970) Oberholster, Arie Gerhardus; Oberholster, J. J.Afrikaans: Met hierdie studie is 'n poging aangewend om 'n oorsig te gee van die werk wat die N. G. Kerk in die Oranje-Vrystaat gedurende die periode 1864 tot 1910 ten opsigte van die sending binnelands sowel as buitelands gedoen het. Die binnelandse sending val in twee dele uiteen, naamlik die gemeentelike sending en die sending in Witsieshoek. Die buitelandse sending behels die werk in Noordoos-Rhodesië, wat tot en met 1910 beperk was tot vyf stasies. Verskeie probleme het opgeduik, want baie oorspronklike dokumente wat op hierdie saak betrekking het, het verlore geraak, veral wat die periode voor en tydens die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog beref. Dit is dan ook die rede waarom so herhaaldelik teruggeval moes word op die Acta Synodi van die N. G. Kerk in die Oranje-Vrystaat en De Fakkel, amptelike orgaan van die Kerk.Item Open Access 'n Teoretiese en praktiese inleiding tot historiografiese annotering(University of the Free State, 1982) Wessels, Andre; Van Schoor, M. C. E.Afrikaans: Historiografiese annotering is 'n belangrike onderdeel van die geskiedenis-as-wetenskap. Hoewel talle historici annotering beoefen en geannoteerde tekste in gepubliseerde vorm die lig sien, is historiografiese annotering op sigself 'n onderwerp waaroor daar nog weinig geskryf is. In hierdie verhandeling word historiografiese annotering krities onder oë geneem, ontleed en aan die hand van voorbeelde bespreek. Die studie is dus beide 'n teoretiese en 'n praktiese inleiding tot annotering. Vrae waarop gelet word, is byvoorbeeld: Wat is annotering? Wat word geannoteer? Hoekom word geannoteer? Hoe word geannoteer? Die beginsels, metode en tegniek van annotering word bespreek. Die plek van historiografiese annotering in die geskiedenis-as-wetenskap word onder die soeklig geplaas, asook ander probleme en aspekte m.b.t. annotering, bv. die probleem van subjektiwiteit, die huidige stand van annotering t.o.v. die Suid-Afrikaanse historiografie en die plek van illustrasies in annotering. Ten slotte word die bestanddele van 'n geannoteerde teks. uiteengesit en bespreek. Die oogmerk is deurgaans om historiografiese annotering nie slegs teoreties aan die hand van praktiese voorbeelde te bespreek nie, maar om ook aan die voornemende annoteerder, asook by wyse van vernuwing aan diegene wat reeds prakties geannoteer het, basiese riglyne t.o.v. annotering aan te dui; probleme en slaggate uit te wys en wenke te gee. Die studie bly egter in wese slegs 'n inleiding tot die onderwerp, en daar word nie op volledigheid aanspraak gemaak nie. Die annotering van die oorlogsherinneringe van wyle kmdt. Jacob Petrus (Japie) Neser uit die Anglo-Boereoorlog, 1899-1902, het as aansporing gedien vir die skryf van hierdie studie oor historiografiese annotering. Hoewel die voltooide geannoteerde oorlogsherinneringe van kmdt. Neser as die praktiese uitgewerkte voorbeeld van wat in hierdie studie teoreties uiteengesit word, beskou kan word, kon dit in die lig van die omvangrykheid van die teoretiese studie, nie by hierdie verhandeling ingesluit word nie. Dit sal weldra in die Christiaan de Wet- Annale opgeneem word.