Comparison of clinical judgment of first year baccalaureate nursing students with and without cognitive support from a clinical preceptor during immersive simulation

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Date
2015-02
Authors
Bekker, Marilize
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University of the Free State
Abstract
English: Clinical judgment is a skill that all nurses need in order to deliver safe patient care. It is a complex process and nursing students should be taught how to apply clinical judgment in practice as soon as possible. The first year baccalaureate nursing students at a nursing school of a university in Central South Africa, are taught from the first semester of their training what clinical judgment entails. Tanner’s Clinical Judgment Model is used to support this process and was also used as conceptual framework in this study. However, students need to be assessed on clinical judgment in order to determine whether training is effective. Lasater’s Clinical Judgment Rubric, based on Tanner’s Clinical Judgment Model, was used to assess the application of clinical judgment in simulation by first year nursing students. A quantitative, experimental pre-test/post-test control group design was used to describe first year nursing students’ application of clinical judgment during an immersive simulation session and to compare it with those students that received cognitive support by a preceptor and those who did not. All first year nursing students participated in this study because it was part of their curriculum and would add to their knowledge in both theory and clinical practice. Students participated in a pre-test simulation scenario that was recorded on digital video cameras. Thereafter, students were allocated to the clinical setting for at least five weeks in order to gain clinical experience. During this period of the study, the participating students were randomly divided into two groups. The students from the experimental group received cognitive support and feedback on their performance in the simulation session via the preceptors trained specifically for this process. The post-test took place, again in simulation, and was digitally recorded. The control group also received cognitive support, and feedback from the preceptors, but only after the post-test took place. Sixty five first year nursing students gave consent for footage analysis for the purpose of this study. A biostatistician, who was consulted during the planning of the study, made use of Statistical Analyses Software (SAS) to analyse the collected data. Numerical and categorical variables were summarised by frequencies and percentiles and differences between groups were assessed on a 95% confidence interval for unpaired data. The researcher made use of figures and tables to describe and present the data. Students in the experimental group gained higher marks in the upper developmental levels in the post-test than those in the control group. This indicates that students did benefit from receiving cognitive support and feedback on individual performance during simulation. Recommendations focused on the refinement of Lasater’s Clinical Judgment Rubric to be used in the School of Nursing for future studies on footage with other nursing student year groups. Cognitive support proved to be beneficial, although better results might be obtained if this kind of support could be extended over longer periods of time.
Afrikaans: Kliniese Oordeelsvermoë is ‘n vaardigheid wat alle verpleegkundiges benodig ten einde veilige pasiëntsorg te verseker. Dit is ‘n gevorderde proses en verpleegstudente moet so gou moontlik geleer word hoe om kliniese oordeelsvermoë toe te pas. Eerstejaar graad verpleegstudente by ‘n verpleegkunde skool aan ‘n universiteit in Sentraal Suid-Afrika, word vanaf die eerste kwartaal in hul opleiding geleer wat kliniese oordeelsvermoë behels. Die Kliniese Oordeelsvermoë model van Tanner is gebruik om hierdie proses te ondersteun en is ook as konseptuele raamwerk gebruik in hierdie studie. Dit is egter nodig om studente te meet ten opsigte van kliniese oordeelsvermoë ten einde te kan bepaal of opleiding wel effektief was. Die Kliniese Oordeelsvermoë rubriek van Lasater wat gebasseer is op Tanner se Kliniese Oordeelsvermoë model, is gebruik om eerstejaar verpleegstudente se toepassing van kliniese oordeelsvermoë gedurende simulasie, te bepaal. ‘n Kwantitatiewe, eksperimentele voor-toets/na-toets kontrolegroep studie is gebruik om eerstejaar verpleegstudente se toepassing van kliniese oordeelsvermoë gedurende ‘n simulasiesessie te beskryf asook die vermoëns van studente wat kognitiewe ondersteuning van ‘n preseptor ontvang het met die wat dit nie ontvang het nie, te bepaal. Al die eerstejaar verpleegstudente het deelgeneem aan die studie aangesien dit deel was van die kurrikulum en kennis sou toevoeg tot teorie en kliniese praktyk. Studente het deelgeneem aan ‘n voor-toets simulasie scenario wat digitaal op kameras vasgelê is. Daarna is studente vir vyf weke in die kliniese areas geplaas vir praktiese ondervinding. Gedurende hierdie tydperk is die deelnemende studente ewekansig in twee groepe verdeel. Studente in die eksperimentele groep het kognitiewe ondersteuning en terugvoer ten opsigte van hul prestasie in die voor-toets simulasie sessie van preseptore ontvang. Die kontrole groep het ook kognitiewe ondersteuning en terugvoer ontvang vanaf preseptore, maar eers na afloop van die na-toets. Vyf-en-sestig eerstejaar verpleegstudente het toestemming gegee dat beeldmateriaal ontleed en gebruik kan word vir die doel van die studie. ‘n Biostatistikus is gekonsulteer gedurende die beplanning van die studie en het gebruik gemaak van ‘n statistiese sagteware program vir analisering van data. Nommer en kategorie veranderlikes is opgesom deur middel van frekwensies en persentasies en verskille tussen groepe is geevalueer op ‘n 95% vertrouens interval vir ongepaarde inligting. Die navorser het gebruik gemaak van figure en tabelle om inligting te vertoon. Studente in die eksperimentele groep het beter punte behaal in die hoër ontwikkelingsvlakke in die na-toets as die kontrole groep. Dit toon dat studente wel baat vind by kognitiewe ondersteuning en terugvoer ten opsigte van prestasie gedurende simulasie sessies. Aanbevelings het gefokus op verfyning van Lasater se Kliniese Oordeelsvermoë rubriek vir gebruik in die Skool vir Verpleegkunde asook in toekomstige studies van beeldmateriaal vir ander verpleegstudent jaargroepe. Kognitiewe ondersteuning is as positief bewys, alhoewel dit moontlik beter resultate mag lewer indien dit oor langer tydperke toegepas word.
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Clinical judgment, Immersive simulation, Clinical preceptor, Nursing students, Cognitive support, Footage, Nursing -- Study and teaching, Dissertation (M.Soc.Sc. (Nursing))--Univresity of the Free State, 2015
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