Food safety indicators in household food security in the Ruralvhembe district, Limpopo province, South Africa
| dc.contributor.advisor | Dannhauser, A. | |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Viljoen, B. C. | |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Joubert, G. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Nesamvuni, C. N. | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2015-10-07T13:59:50Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2015-10-07T13:59:50Z | |
| dc.date.copyright | 2014-07 | |
| dc.date.issued | 2014-07 | |
| dc.date.submitted | 2014-07 | |
| dc.description.abstract | English: Available literature emphasises the importance of food safety in obtaining coordinated and conceptually informed results of food security, with the view to improve intervention programmes to achieve progress in obtaining food security in households. The study was undertaken intending to investigate possible food safety indicators that might possibly contribute towards improved assessment of household food security (HFS) in the rural Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. The objectives were to determine HFS and household food safety, as well as the relationship between HFS and food safety, and to develop food safety indicators of HFS. A cross-sectional study was undertaken. Twenty nine villages were randomly selected from the total number of 299 villages in Thulamela local municipality in the Vhembe District. For proportional sampling of households from the selected villages 4 village clusters were created according to their population sizes. Households were randomly selected from villages. The final randomly selected sample consisted of 335 households with at least 1 child (3-5 years of age) and a caregiver. The caregiver could be the mother of the child or any caregiver over the age of 18 years of age who was mostly responsible for food preparation in the household. A structured interview schedule was used, consisting of questionnaires and data/record sheets that were completed during an interview with the respondent of each household. A sociodemographic questionnaire; food availability and access questionnaire; a food inventory; an 8-item hunger scale; a food frequency questionnaire; a food handling practices questionnaire; and a food handling knowledge test; a 24 hour recall and child health status questionnaire; as well as record sheets were included. Five repeatedly trained (for consistency) field workers (all Nutritionists) collected all types of data. Weight and height status were determined and laboratory techniques were used to determine microbiological content of the water and food samples (114 of 335 of households: 34%) and worm content of stool samples (from all 335 children 3-5 years of age). Data was analysed using statistical analysis software (SAS) version 9.2. Frequencies and percentages were used to describe categorical data. Continuous data (symmetric distributions) were expressed using means and standard deviations while medians, lower and upper quartiles as well as minimum and maximum values were used to describe skewed continuous data. Anthropometric data was summarised using Z-scores. Chi-square tests or Fisher’s exact tests in case of small numbers were used to determine associations 229 between the indicators of household food safety and HFS. A statistical reduction process was used to develop the household food safety indicators that can be used in rural HFS assessments. Household food insecurity was indicated by all indicators used, as well as the sociodemographic indicators. Salary, affordability and the presence of protein rich foods, vegetables, milk and fat were significantly related to the household food security status as indicated by the hunger scale. The levels of food security were evenly distributed among the households: food insecure (32.8%), at risk (37%) and food secure (30.2%) households. However, the anthropometric indicators showed that most children (>88%) had an acceptable weight/height status. The dietary intake of the children suggested sufficient energy intake with probable low intake of micronutrients especially β-carotene. Furthermore, the diet seemed to lack variety, with inadequate intake of fruits, vegetables, milk and dairy products. The health status of the children was apparently good as shown by the less than 20% of children with diarrhoeal episodes and 35.2% with reported worm infestations. Stool examination results also showed few cases of children with worm infestation, Ascaris (1.2%), Trichuris (1.9%) and Giardia lambia (5.6%). In general, caregivers had acceptable scores of self-reported food handling practices and knowledge. Water and food used in the households were both likely to pose a food safety risk in the households respectively. Poor microbial quality was detected in more than 94% of water and 75.9% food samples. Hand-washing water had higher bacterial load than stored water. Both stored and hand-washing water had food safety risk levels of total counts (median = 2.3 x 104 & 2.5 x 105 respectively) and coliforms (median = 5.6 x 104 & 1.6 x 105 respectively). Salmonella and Listeria tested negative on food samples however, coliforms exceeded the safety limits. The presence of E. coli in protein rich foods suggested a faecal pollution. Food handling practices and knowledge were not significantly different in food secure and at risk households but were significantly different in the food insecure households. Self-reported and observed food handling practices did not differ. Availability of protein rich foods including milk in the households was linked to food handling practices, while a significant association was observed between worm infestation in children 3 to 5 years and food handling practices. The microbial quality of stored water was significantly associated with that of hand-washing water. Both stored and hand-washing water were significantly linked with poor microbial 230 quality of left over vhuswa (maize meal porridge) but had no association with fresh vhuswa. Poor microbial quality of fresh and left over vhuswa were significantly related to contaminated protein rich foods. A step by step analysis was done during the development process of food safety indicators, in which indicators that did not show significant associations and did not show sufficient variation were eliminated. In the final step the indicators of household food safety to be included in measuring of HFS in rural households were identified. The food safety indicators identified by this study and recommended for use in measuring rural HFS, include use of stored water, communal hand-washing practices and observed food handling practices. It is recommended that these indicators be evaluated and included in the measuring of rural HFS. | en_ZA |
| dc.description.abstract | Afrikaans: Beskikbare literatuur beklemtoon die belangrikheid van voedselveiligheid in die verkryging van gekoördineerde en betekenisvolle resultate van voedsel - en voedingsekuriteit. Sodoende kan intervensieprogramme verbeter word en vordering in die verkryging van voedselsekerheid in huishoudings bewerkstellig word. Die studie is onderneem met die doel om moontlike indikatore van voedselveiligheid te ondersoek wat moontlik kan bydra tot verbeterde bepaling van huishoudelike voedselsekerheid (HVS) in die plattelandse Vhembe distrik, Limpopo Provinsie, Suid Afrika. Die sub-doelwitte was om HVS en huishoudelike voedselveiligheid, asook die verwantskap tussen indikatore van HVS en voedselveiligheid te bepaal en om voedselveiligheidindikatore van HVS te ontwikkel. ‘n Dwarssnit studie is onderneem. Van die 299 klein statte in die Thulamela munisipaliteit van die Vhembe Distrik is 29 ewekansig gekies. Van die 29 gekose klein statte is 4 trosse van klein statte volgens elk se bevolkingsgrootte gevorm. Sodoende is huishoudings in verhouding en ewekansig uit die gekose klein statte gekies. Die finale ewekansige steekproef het 335 huishoudings met ten minste een kind (3-5 jaar) en ‘n oppasser ingesluit. Die oppasser kon die ma van die kind of enige ander oppasser bo 18 jaar wees wat die meeste verantwoordelik was vir die voedselbereiding in die huishouding. ‘n Gestruktureerde onderhoudskedule is gebruik, bestaande uit vraelyste en data/rekord kaarte wat tydens ‘n onderhoud met die respondent van elke huishouding voltooi is. ‘n Sosiodemografiese vraelys; ‘n voedselbeskikbaarheid en – toeganklikheid vraelys; ‘n voedselinventaris; ‘n agt-item hongerskaal; ‘n voedselfrekwensie vraelys; ‘n voedselhanteringspraktyke vraelys en ‘n voedselhanteringskennis toets; ‘n 24 uur herroep en ‘n kindergesondheidststus vraelys; asook rekordkaarte is ingesluit. Vyf herhaaldelik opgeleide (vir ooreenstemmigheid) veldwerkers (almal voedingkundiges) het al die data versamel. Massa en lengte status is bepaal en laboratoriumtegnieke is gebruik om die mikrobiologiese inhoud van die water- en voedselmonsters (114 van 335 huishoudings: 34%), en die teenwoordigheid van wurms in die stoelgangmonsters (van 100% van die kinders 3-5 jaar) te bepaal. Die statistiese analise sagteware (SAS), weergawe 9.2 is gebruik om die data te verwerk. Frekwensies en verspreidings is gebruik om die kategoriese data te beskryf. Gemiddeldes en standaardsafwykings is gebruik om simetries verspreide kontinu data is beskryf, terwyl 232 mediane, laer en hoër kwartiele, asook minimum en maksimum waardes gebruik is om niesimetries verspreide kontinu data te beskryf. Antropometriese data is opgesom deur van Ztellings gebrui te maak. Kruistabelle, of die Fisher’se eksakte toets in geval van klein getalle, is gebruik om die verwantskappe tussen indikatore van huishoudelike voeselveiligheid en HVS te bepaal. ‘n Statistiese reduksieproses is gebruik om die huishoudelike voedselveiligheidindikatore wat in plattelandse huishoudings gebruik kan word, te ontwikkel. Huishoudelike voedselonsekerheid is deur al die indikatore aangedui, asook deur die sosiodemografiese indikatore. Salaris, bekostigbaarheid en die teenwoordigheid van proteïenryke voedsel, groente, melk en vet het betekenisvol met die status van HVS, soos bepaal met die hongerskaal verband gehou. Die grade van voedselsekerheid was eweredig tussen die huishoudings versprei: voedselonseker (32,8%), risiko (37.0%), voedselseker (30.2%). Volgens die antropometriese indikatore het meeste (>88%) van die kinders egter ‘n aanvaarbare massa/lengte status gehad. Die dieet van die kinders het ‘n toereikende energieinname getoon met waarskynlike lae inname van mikrovoedingstowwe, veral ß-karoteen. Verder het die dieet het ‘n gebrek aan variase getoon en ontoereikende inname van, vrugte, groente, melk en melkprodukte. Die gesondheidstatus van die kinders was skynbaar goed soos aangetoon deur die minder as 20% van die kinders met diarree episodes en 35.5% met gerapporteerde wurmbesmetting. Stoelganondersoeke het egter net ‘n paar gevalle van wurmbesmetting getoon, Ascaris (1.2%), Trichuris (1.9%) en Gardia lambia (5.6%). Oor die algemeen het die versorgers ‘n aanvaarbare telling vir selfrapporteerde voedselhanteringspraktyke gehad. Die water en voedsel wat in die huishoudings gebruik is, het beide waarskynlik ‘n voedselveilgheidsrisiko ingehou. ‘n Swak mikrobiologiese kwaliteit is in meer as 94% van die water- en 75.9% van die voedselmonsters opgespoor. Die water wat vir die was van hande gebuik is het ‘n hoë mikrobiologiese lading gehad as die gestoorde water. Beide die gestoorde- en die handewaswater het vlakke wat ‘n voedselveiligheid risiko inhou gehad, ten opsigte van totale tellings (medium = 2.3 x 104 & 2.5 x 105 repektiewelik) en coliforme (medium = 5.6 x104 & 1.6 x 105 ). Hoewel Salmonelle en Listeria negatief op die voedselmonsters getoets het, het coliforme die veiligheisvlakke oorskrei. Die teenwoordigheid van E. coli in proteïenryke voedsel suggereer ‘n fekale besmetting. Voedselhanteringspraktyke en – kennis was nie betekenisvol verskillend in die voedselseker en risiko huishoudings nie, maar betekenisvol verskillend in die voedselonseker huishoudings. 233 Selfrapporteerde en waargeneemde voedselhanteringspraktyke het nie verskil nie. Die beskikbaarheid van proteïeryke voedsel, insluitend melk, het betekenisvol verband gehou met voedselhanteringspraktyke, terwyl die voedselhanteringspraktyke betekenisvol met die wurmbesmetting in die kinders (3-5 jaar) verband gehou. Die mikrobiologiese kwaliteit van die gestoorde water het betekenisvol verband gehou met die van handewaswater. Beide die gestoorde en handewaswater het betekenisvol verband gehou met die swak mikrobiologiese kwaliteit van die oorskiet vhuswa (mielmeelpap) maar nie met vars vhuswa nie. Die swak mikrobiologiese kwaliteit van beide vars en oorskiet vhuswa het betekenisvol verband gehou met besmette proteïenryke voedsel. ‘n Stap vir stap analise is tydens die ontwikkeling van die indikatore vir voedselveiligheid gedoen, waartydens indikatore wat nie betekenisvolle verbande getoon het en nie voldoende variasie getoon het nie uitgeskakel is. In die finale stap is die huishoudelike indikatore van voedselveilig vir insluiting in die bepaling van voeselsekerheid in plattelandse huishouding identifiseer. Die indikatore vir voedselveiligheid wat in hierdie studie identifiseer is en aanbeveel word vir insluiting in die bepaling van plattelandse HVS, sluit in die gebruik van gestoorde water, gemeenskaplike handewas praktyke en waargenome voedselhanteringspraktyke. Dit word aanbeveel dat hierdie indikatore evalueer en ingesluit word in die bepaling van HVS in plattelandse huishoudings. | af |
| dc.description.sponsorship | National Research Foundation (NRF) | en_ZA |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/11660/1335 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | en_ZA |
| dc.publisher | University of the Free State | en_ZA |
| dc.rights.holder | University of the Free State | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Household food security | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Household food safety | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Food availability | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Food accessibility | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Hunger scale | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Anthropometric status | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Health status | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | 24 hour recall | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Stored water | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Hand-washing water | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Food handling practices | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Microbial quality | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Thesis (Ph.D. (Nutrition and Dietetics))--University of the Free State, 2014 | en_ZA |
| dc.subject | Food -- Safety measures | en_ZA |
| dc.title | Food safety indicators in household food security in the Ruralvhembe district, Limpopo province, South Africa | en_ZA |
| dc.type | Thesis | en_ZA |