Epidemiology of lentil rust in Ethiopia with special reference to disease progress and yield loss assessment

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Date
2004-04
Authors
Gebeyehu, Negussie Tadesse
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Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract
English: Rust [Uromyces viciae-fabae (Schroet.)] is one of the major diseases of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) in the world causing major crop losses when conditions are conducive for disease development. Effective lentil rust management depends on knowledge of, e.g., disease - yield relationships, dynamics of rust epidemics, accurate phenotyping of resistance, and components of resistance. Sequential analyses of lentil rust epidemics were performed by assessing crop and disease parameters in five field rust epidemics. The five epidemics produced similarshaped disease progress curves that varied significantly in the rate of temporal progression (rL) and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The epidemics did not affect crop growth; however, they had significant influences on seed yield, pods per plant and seed mass at crop growth stages between early flowering and early pod formation. The rust also significantly affected harvest index and days to maturity. Results demonstrated that a seed yield loss of up to 41.7% could occur and the effect of rust on seed yield of lentil can be predicted with AUDPC and critical-point models using disease severity assessed on the upper canopy layer in the early flowering stage. Every 1% increase in rust severity reduced seed yield by 8.39%. Rust severity ≥ 4.7% at the critical stage will significantly reduce seed yield. To assess the effect of rust on the value of infected lentil straw as animal feed, a trial was conducted to evaluate its degradability in rumens of Zebu cows. Following 6 h of incubation, samples of all treatments lost ≥ 40% of the total dry matter, degradation reaching ca. 65% at 72 h. Rust did not decrease degradability of dry matter in the rumen. The nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and the total crude protein (TCP) content in rust infected straw was higher than those of healthy straw. Seeds from healthy plants contained more P than the seeds from rusted plants. The rust had no effect on seed N content. Inoculation and incubation techniques resulting in uniform spore deposition and infection, thereby obtaining reproducible and accurate data on host responses, are required for quantitative studies. To achieve this, a spore-settling tower was developed, and uniformity of spore deposition was assessed by dispersing 1, 2, 4 and 8 mg urediniospores of U. viciae-fabae into the tower. Uniform spore deposition was obtained when 8 mg spore quantity was discharged into the tower and allowed a settling period of 3 min. A linear relation was found between mass of spores discharged into the tower and spores deposited/cm2. Uniformity of spore deposition increased as the spore amount discharged increased. In experiments quantifying the effects of temperature on germination of U. viciaefabae, a high percentage (≥ 80%) of spore germination was observed after 3 h of incubation on 1.5% water agar at 10, 15, 20 and 25°C, with an optimum (99%) at 20°C. At this sampling time the length of germ tubes ranged from 66 μm (10°C) to 196 μm (20°C). For minimum infection of lentil cultivar EL-142 at 20°C, a dew period of at least 3 h was required, whereas maximum infection occurred with a dew period of 24 h. Components of resistance to U. viciae-fabae, namely, latent period, infection efficiency, pustule size and spore production were evaluated in the lentil cultivars Gudo, R-186, FLIP-87-66L and FLIP-89-60L and EL-142 (susceptible check) in a glasshouse. The cultivars were also compared for area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), area under the pustule density curve (APDC), apparent infection rate (rG), and disease severity under field conditions. Gudo and R-186 had significantly smaller and fewer pustules, lower spore yield and longer latent period than EL-142. FLIP87-66L was intermediate for infection efficiency and pustule size. In addition, significant differences were found between cultivars for AUDPC, APDC, disease severity and rG. Estimates of AUDPC, APDC, disease severity and rG were reduced in Gudo, R-186 and FLIP-87-66L compared with the susceptible check EL-142. FLIP-89-60L also showed low AUDPC, APDC and disease severity. Some of the components obtained in the field were significantly correlated with each other and those measured in the glasshouse. Most of the components studied in the glasshouse were correlated with AUDPC and disease severity. Data indicated the existence of incomplete (partial) resistance in the test cultivars, and the possibility of using infection efficiency, latent period, spore production and pustule size as selection criteria in the evaluation of partial resistance to rust in lentil. Since there was an interdependence of the components, selection based on more than one component helps obtain lines with higher levels of partial resistance. The AUDPC, disease severity and rG could also be used for selecting lines with partial resistance in the field. Histological studies showed that the resistance mechanism in the lentil cv. Gudo against U. viciae-fabae is a combination of hypersensitive and pre-penetration types. Furthermore, cv. Gudo had a higher percentage of early aborted colonies than the susceptible cultivar.
Afrikaans: Roes [Uromyces viciae-fabae (Schroet.)] is een van die belangrikste siektes van lensies (Lens culinaris Medik.) wêreldwyd en kan totale oesverliese onder gunstige toestande veroorsaak. Doeltreffende roesbeheer berus op kennis van, onder andere, siekte – opbrengsverwantskappe, dinamika van roesepidemies, akkurate fenotipering van weerstand en komponente van weerstand. Opvolgende analises van lensieroes is uitgevoer ná beraming van gewas- en siekteparameters in vyf veldepidemies. Die epidemies het vorderingskurwes met ooreenstemmende vorm, maar verskillende tempo’s (rL) en area onder die siektevorderingskurwe (AOSVK) tot gevolg gehad. Die epidemies het nie gewasgroei beïnvloed nie, maar wel saadopbrengs, peule per plant en saadmassa tussen vroeë blom en vroeë peulvorming. Roes het ook oesindeks en dae tot oesrypheid beduidend beïnvloed. Resultate het getoon dat saadmassa met tot 41.7% verminder kan word. Voorts kan die effek van roes op lensiesaadmassa voorspel word met AOSVK en kritiese-punt modelle wat gebruik maak van siektegraad in die boonste blaredak tydens vroeë blom. Elke 1% toename in siektegraad het saadopbrengs met 8.39% verminder. Roesinfeksievlakke ≥ 4.7% tydens die kritiese groeistadium sal saadmassa dus betekenisvol verminder. Ten einde die effek van roes op dierevoedingswaarde van geïnfekteerde lensiestrooi te bepaal is ‘n eksperiment gedoen om die afbraak daarvan in Zebu-koeie te meet. Na ‘n 6 h inkubasieperiode het alle monsters ≥ 40% van die totale droë materiaal verloor, met ‘n verlies van sowat 65% na 72 h. Roes het nie die afbreek van droë materiaal in die rumen verlaag nie. Die stikstof (N)-, fosfor (P)- en totale ruproteïeninhoud (TRP) van roes-geïnfekteerde strooi was hoër as in gesonde strooi. Saad van gesonde plante het meer P bevat as dié van roesplante. Roes het geen effek op die Ninhoud van saad gehad nie. Inokulasie- en inkubasietegnieke wat uniforme spoordeponering en infeksie tot gevolg het is noodsaaklik vir herhaalbare en akkurate gasheerdata in kwantitatiewe studies. Om hierdie doelwit te bereik is ‘n spoor-neerleggingstoring ontwikkel en die deponering van 1, 2, 4 en 8 mg urediniospore van U. viciae-fabae is bepaal. Uniforme plasing is verkry wanneer 8 mg spore in die toring vrygestel en toegelaat is om vir 3 min uit te sak. ‘n Liniêre verwantskap is verkry tussen massa en die hoeveelheid spore gedeponeer/cm2. Uniformiteit het verbeter namate die hoeveelheid vrygestelde spore toegeneem het. Tydens die kwantifisering van temperatuureffekte op die ontkieming van U. viciae-fabae is ‘n hoë persentasie (≥ 80%) spoorontkieming na 3 h inkubasie op 1.5% water agar by 10, 15, 20 and 25°C, met ‘n optimum (99%) by 20°C, gevind. By hierdie monsteringstyd het die kiembuislengte gewissel tussen 66 μm (10°C) en 196 μm (20°C). Vir infeksie van lensiekultivar EL-142 by 20°C was ‘n minimum douperiode van 3 h nodig. Maksimum infeksie het voorgekom na ‘n 24 h douperiode. Komponente van weerstand nl. latente periode, infeksiedoeltreffendheid, puisiegrootte en spoorproduksie is in ‘n glashuis gemeet vir die lensiekultivars Gudo, R- 186, FLIP-87-66L, FLIP-89-60L en EL-142 (vatbare kontrole). Die kultivars is ook vergelyk vir AOSVK, area onder die puisiedigtheidskurwe (AOPDK), infeksietempo (rG) en siektegraad onder veldtoestande. In vergelyking met EL-142 het Gudo en R-186 betekenisvol kleiner en minder puisies gehad, asook laer spoorproduksie en ‘n langer latente periode. FLIP87-66L was intermediêr vir infeksiedoeltreffendheid en puisiegrootte. Betekenisvolle verskille is gevind tussen kultivars vir AOSVK, AOPDK, siektegraad en rG en hierdie komponente was laer in Gudo, R-186 en FLIP-87-66L as EL- 142. FLIP-89-60L het ook lae AOSVK, AOPDK en siektegraad getoon. Sommige van die komponente in die veld gemeet het betekenisvol gekorreleer met mekaar asook met glashuiskomponente. Meeste komponente in die glashuis gemeet het gekorreleer met AOSVK en siektegraad. Data het die teenwoordigheid van onvolledige (gedeeltelike) weerstand in die kultivars aangedui met die moontlikheid om infeksiedoeltreffendheid, latente periode, spoorproduksie en puisiegrootte as seleksiemaatstawwe te gebruik. Aangesien ‘n interafhanklikheid van komponente voorgekom het kan seleksie vir meer as komponent help om lyne met hoër vlakke van gedeeltelike weerstand te ontwikkel. AOSVK, siektegraad en rG kan ook vir seleksie van gedeeltelike weerstand in die veld gebruik word. Histologiese studies het getoon dat die weerstandsmeganisme teen U. viciae-fabae in die lensiekultivar Gudo ‘n kombinasie is van hipersensitiewe en prepenetrasie tipes. Gudo het ook ‘n hoër persentasie vroeë aborsies as EL-142 gehad.
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Keywords
Thesis (Ph.D. (Plant Sciences (Plant Pathology))--University of the Free State, 2004, Lentils -- Diseases and pests -- Ethiopia, Rust diseases -- Ethiopia, Lentils -- Disease and pest resistance -- Ethiopia
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