Die missionale ontwikkeling van die klein plattelandse gemeentes: โn empiriese ondersoek na die VGKSA Vrystaat/Lesotho
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Date
2023
Authors
Pienaar, Zachery Chalwyn
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Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract in other languages ๐๐ค๐ณ๐ฐ๐ญ๐ญ ๐ฅ๐ฐ๐ธ๐ฏ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐๐ฏ๐จ๐ญ๐ช๐ด๐ฉ
Abstract in other languages ๐๐ค๐ณ๐ฐ๐ญ๐ญ ๐ฅ๐ฐ๐ธ๐ฏ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐๐ฏ๐จ๐ญ๐ช๐ด๐ฉ
Abstract
๐จ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
Ek glo van harte dat God die wรชreld wil bereik deur gemeentes. Gemeentes klein of groot is God se voertuie/instrumente om โn stukkende en gebroke wรชreld te kan bereik. Daarom behoort gemeentes missionaal in hulle identiteit, kultuur en karakter te wees. Gemeentes is in โn bepaalde plek, tyd en konteks, en behoort in die lig van die ๐๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ ๐๐ฆ๐ช โn verskil te maak. ๐๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ ๐๐ฆ๐ช verwys na die bestaansdoel van โn gemeente. โn Gemeente is daar om die evangelie en God se doel met die mens en wรชreld uit te leef, of anders gestel, gemeentes is daar as die instrument waardeur die Koninkryk van God gestalte kry. Malan Nel (2015:89) onderstreep laasgenoemde as volg: โ๐๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฏ๐ด ๐ต๐ฐ ๐ฃ๐ฆ ๐๐ฐ๐ฅโ๐ด ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ ๐ฑ๐ฆ๐ฐ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ฆ ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ธ๐ฐ๐ณ๐ญ๐ฅโ. โn Missionale gemeente is โn gemeente wat voortdurend onderskei oor die vraag naamlik: โWaarmee is God in die wรชreld besig en hoe kan die gemeente by God se werk aansluit?โ Malan Nel (2015:89) stel dit as volg: โ๐๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ธ๐ข๐ด ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฆ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ค๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ; ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ค๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ ๐ธ๐ข๐ด ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฆ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ - ๐๐ฐ๐ฅโ๐ด ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏโ.
Kleingemeentes hoef nie te aspireer om eers groot te word om daardie verskil te maak nie. Kennon Callahan (2000) sรช dat klein gemeentes nie hulle energie moet gebruik om groter te word nie, maar eerder om hulle sterk punte te ontwikkel. Callahan (2000:vii) sรช verder: โ๐๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ฉ๐ข๐ด ๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฏ ๐ข ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฐ๐ค๐ค๐ถ๐ฑ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ธ๐ช๐ต๐ฉ ๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฃ๐ช๐จ๐จ๐ฆ๐ณ. ๐๐ฐ ๐ฃ๐ฆ ๐ฃ๐ช๐จ๐จ๐ฆ๐ณ ๐ช๐ด ๐ต๐ฐ ๐ฃ๐ฆ ๐ฃ๐ช๐จ๐จ๐ฆ๐ณ, ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ค๐ฆ๐ด๐ด๐ข๐ณ๐ช๐ญ๐บ ๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ. ๐๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ณ๐ต ๐ช๐ด ๐ต๐ฐ ๐ข๐ฅ๐ท๐ข๐ฏ๐ค๐ฆ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ฅ๐ช๐ด๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐ค๐ต๐ช๐ท๐ฆ ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐จ๐ต๐ฉ๐ด ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐ฒ๐ถ๐ข๐ญ๐ช๐ต๐ช๐ฆ๐ด ๐ฐ๐ง ๐ข ๐ด๐ฎ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ, ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ๐ณ๐ฆ๐จ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏโ. God wil in Sy sending kleingemeentes gebruik ongeag hulle grootte, bronne en fisiese voorkoms. Daar is spreekwoorde in die Afrikaanse spreektaal wat lui: โ๐๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ฎ๐ช๐ฆ๐ต ๐ฌ๐ฐ๐ฎ ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ฆ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ฑ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ช๐ฆ๐ดโ, ๐ฆ๐ฏ โ๐ด๐ต๐ข๐ข๐ญ ๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ต ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฏ ๐ฅ๐ช๐ฌ๐ต๐ฆ ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ฅ๐ช๐จ ๐ฏ๐ช๐ฆโ. Die Skrif druk dit in Luk 17:6 so uit: โgeloof soos โn mostert saad โ. Dit is โn metafoor wat aandui dat alhoewel die mostert saadtjies baie klein is, ontkiem dit en word dit baie groot. Toegepas op die klein plattelandse gemeentes beteken dit dat gemeentes, alhoewel klein, โn groot impak kan maak as hulle hul missionale identiteit herontdek en leef.
Die klein plattelandse gemeentes van die VGKSA Vrystaat/Lesotho beslaan die meerderheid van die gemeentes in die sinode. Die meeste van die gemeentes is in โn oorlewings stryd en kan na verwys word as oorlewingskerke. Die gemeentes is meestal vakant of word bedien deur โn tentmaker of konsulent.
Die kleingemeentes is in staat om ten spyte van haar grootte en tekort aan bronne, โn missionale identiteit te ontwikkel. Om dit โn werklikheid te maak is โn diepe nadenke nodig rondom vrae: Wie is ons? Waar is ons nou? Wat het ons? Wat sรช die Woord? Wat verwag God van die gemeente in โn spesifieke tyd, plek en konteks? Waarheen is die gemeente oppad? Malan Nel noem gemeentes wat aan die vrae aandag gee identiteits gedrewe gemeentes (2015:89).
โn Paradigma skuif is nodig van โn instandhoudings gemeente na โn missionale gemeente. Andersgestel, โn Paradigma skuif van โn ekklesiologiese verstaan van kerk wees na โn missionale ekklesiologiese verstaan van die kerk wees. Dit beteken dat die kerk ten volle bestaan vir die Missio Dei. Malan Nel beklemtoon dit as volg: โ๐๐ต ๐ช๐ด ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ด๐ฐ ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ค๐ฉ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ค๐ข๐ด๐ฆ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ข๐ต ๐๐ฐ๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐ข๐ด ๐ข ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ค๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ธ๐ฐ๐ณ๐ญ๐ฅ, ๐ข๐ด ๐ต๐ฉ๐ข๐ต ๐๐ฐ๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐ข๐ด ๐ข ๐ค๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ธ๐ฐ๐ณ๐ญ๐ฅ. ๐๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ธ๐ข๐ด ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฆ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ค๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ; ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ค๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ ๐ธ๐ข๐ด ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฆ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ - ๐๐ฐ๐ฅโ๐ด ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ (2015:89)โ.
Om laasgenoemde skuif te laat gebeur word โn nuwe soort leierskap benodig. Alan Hirsch onderstreep dit wanneer hy sรช: โ๐๐ง ๐ธ๐ฆ ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ๐บ ๐ธ๐ข๐ฏ๐ต ๐ข ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ ๐ค๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ, ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ฏ ๐ธ๐ฆ ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ด๐ต ๐ฉ๐ข๐ท๐ฆ ๐ข ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ ๐ญ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ด๐ฉ๐ช๐ฑ ๐ด๐บ๐ด๐ต๐ฆ๐ฎ ๐ต๐ฐ ๐ฅ๐ณ๐ช๐ท๐ฆ ๐ช๐ต (2006:152)โ. Kleingemeentes kan slegs ontwikkel as missionale gemeentes indien daar โn wegbeweeg plaasvind van โn klassieke leierskapstyl na โn missionale leierskapstyl. Nelus Niemandt meen dat die huidige denke oor leierskap nie voldoende is om die kerk te help om missionaal te wees nie (2013:46)1. Mike Harrison onderstreep die belangrikheid van missionale leierskap om missionale gemeentes te ontwikkel: โ๐๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ ๐ญ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ด๐ฉ๐ช๐ฑ ๐ช๐ด ๐ต๐ฐ ๐ด๐ฆ๐ณ๐ท๐ฆ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ฌ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐ฐ๐ง ๐ค๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ, ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ฐ๐ญ๐ฐ๐จ๐ช๐ค๐ข๐ญ ๐ฆ๐ฅ๐ถ๐ค๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ด๐ฉ๐ข๐ฑ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ ๐ญ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ด ๐ธ๐ฉ๐ฐ ๐ค๐ข๐ฏ ๐ด๐ฆ๐ณ๐ท๐ฆ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ฌ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐ฐ๐ง ๐ค๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ (2017:343)2โ.
Kleingemeentes moet hulle uniekheid herontdek. Callahan bevestig dit wanneer hy sรช: โ๐๐ฆ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ข ๐ด๐ฎ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ, ๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ๐ณ๐ฆ๐จ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ช๐ด ๐ข ๐ธ๐ข๐บ ๐ฐ๐ง ๐ต๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฌ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฏ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ, ๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ข๐ท๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐จ (2000:๐ท๐ช๐ช)โ.
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๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐ I sincerely believe that God wants to reach the world through congregations. Congregations small or large are God's vehicles/instruments to reach a broken world. Therefore, congregations should be missional in their identity, culture, and character. Congregations are in a particular place, time, and context, and should make a difference considering the Missio Dei. A missional church is a church that constantly discerns the question: "What is God doing in the world and how can they participate where God is at work?". Small congregations do not have to aspire to first become big to make that difference. God wants to use them regardless of their size, resources, and physical appearance. There are proverbs in the spoken language that read: "๐๐บ๐ฏ๐ข๐ฎ๐ช๐ต๐ฆ ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ด๐ฎ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ ๐ฑ๐ข๐ค๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฆ๐ด", ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ "๐ด๐ต๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ญ ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฅ๐ด ๐ฏ๐ฐ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ช๐ค๐ฌ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ด๐ด". Scripture expresses it this way in Luke 17:6: "faith as mustard seed". Mustard seeds are small, but if they germinate, they make a large tree. It is a metaphor indicating that although the mustard seeds are very small, they germinate and grow very large. Applied to the small rural congregations, this means that congregations, though small can make a big impact if they rediscover and live their missional identity. The small rural congregations of the URCSA Free State/Lesotho comprise the majority of the congregations in the Synod. Most of the congregations are in a struggle for survival and may be referred to as survival churches. The congregations are mostly vacant or served by a tentmaker or a relieving minister. The small congregation is able to make a difference despite her size and lack of resources. To make this a reality, a deep reflection is needed around questions: Who are we? Where are we now? What do we have? What does the Word say? What does God expect of us in a spesific time, place, and context? Where is the congregation going? Malan Nel (2015:89) calls congregations that address these questions identity-driven congregations. A paradigm shift is needed from a maintenance church to a missionally oriented church. In other words, a paradigm shift from an ecclesiological understanding of church to a missional ecclesiological understanding of the church. This means that the church exists for the Missio Dei. Malan Nel (2015:89) emphasizes this: "It is not so much the case that God has a mission for the church in the world, ๐ข๐ด ๐ต๐ฉ๐ข๐ต ๐๐ฐ๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐ข๐ด ๐ข ๐ค๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ธ๐ฐ๐ณ๐ญ๐ฅ. ๐๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ธ๐ข๐ด ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฆ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ค๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ; ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ค๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ ๐ธ๐ข๐ด ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฆ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ - ๐๐ฐ๐ฅ'๐ด ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ". Small congregations can only develop as missional congregations if there is a move away from a classical leadership style towards a missional leadership style. Small congregations need to rediscover their uniqueness. Dudley puts it this way: ๐๐ฎ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ๐ณ๐ฆ๐จ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ด ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ต๐ฐ ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฅ๐ช๐ด๐ค๐ฐ๐ท๐ฆ๐ณ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ช๐ณ ๐ถ๐ฏ๐ช๐ฒ๐ถ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ด๐ด. ๐๐ถ๐ฅ๐ญ๐ฆ๐บ ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ต๐ด ๐ช๐ต ๐ต๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ธ๐ข๐บ: โ๐๐ฎ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ ๐ค๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ข๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ข ๐ค๐ญ๐ข๐ด๐ด ๐ฃ๐บ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ด๐ฆ๐ญ๐ท๐ฆ๐ด. ๐๐ฐ ๐ฐ๐ท๐ฆ๐ณ๐ญ๐ฐ๐ฐ๐ฌ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ข๐ต ๐ถ๐ฏ๐ช๐ฒ๐ถ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ด๐ด ๐ช๐ด ๐ต๐ฐ ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ถ๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ด๐ต๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ฎโ. Indeed, Carroll says: โ๐๐ฎ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ ๐ค๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ข๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ข๐ถ๐ต๐ช๐ง๐ถ๐ญโ. ___________________________________________________________________
๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐ I sincerely believe that God wants to reach the world through congregations. Congregations small or large are God's vehicles/instruments to reach a broken world. Therefore, congregations should be missional in their identity, culture, and character. Congregations are in a particular place, time, and context, and should make a difference considering the Missio Dei. A missional church is a church that constantly discerns the question: "What is God doing in the world and how can they participate where God is at work?". Small congregations do not have to aspire to first become big to make that difference. God wants to use them regardless of their size, resources, and physical appearance. There are proverbs in the spoken language that read: "๐๐บ๐ฏ๐ข๐ฎ๐ช๐ต๐ฆ ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ด๐ฎ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ ๐ฑ๐ข๐ค๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฆ๐ด", ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ "๐ด๐ต๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ญ ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฅ๐ด ๐ฏ๐ฐ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ช๐ค๐ฌ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ด๐ด". Scripture expresses it this way in Luke 17:6: "faith as mustard seed". Mustard seeds are small, but if they germinate, they make a large tree. It is a metaphor indicating that although the mustard seeds are very small, they germinate and grow very large. Applied to the small rural congregations, this means that congregations, though small can make a big impact if they rediscover and live their missional identity. The small rural congregations of the URCSA Free State/Lesotho comprise the majority of the congregations in the Synod. Most of the congregations are in a struggle for survival and may be referred to as survival churches. The congregations are mostly vacant or served by a tentmaker or a relieving minister. The small congregation is able to make a difference despite her size and lack of resources. To make this a reality, a deep reflection is needed around questions: Who are we? Where are we now? What do we have? What does the Word say? What does God expect of us in a spesific time, place, and context? Where is the congregation going? Malan Nel (2015:89) calls congregations that address these questions identity-driven congregations. A paradigm shift is needed from a maintenance church to a missionally oriented church. In other words, a paradigm shift from an ecclesiological understanding of church to a missional ecclesiological understanding of the church. This means that the church exists for the Missio Dei. Malan Nel (2015:89) emphasizes this: "It is not so much the case that God has a mission for the church in the world, ๐ข๐ด ๐ต๐ฉ๐ข๐ต ๐๐ฐ๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐ข๐ด ๐ข ๐ค๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ธ๐ฐ๐ณ๐ญ๐ฅ. ๐๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ธ๐ข๐ด ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฆ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ค๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ; ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ค๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ ๐ธ๐ข๐ด ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฆ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ - ๐๐ฐ๐ฅ'๐ด ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ". Small congregations can only develop as missional congregations if there is a move away from a classical leadership style towards a missional leadership style. Small congregations need to rediscover their uniqueness. Dudley puts it this way: ๐๐ฎ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ๐ณ๐ฆ๐จ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ด ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ต๐ฐ ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฅ๐ช๐ด๐ค๐ฐ๐ท๐ฆ๐ณ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ช๐ณ ๐ถ๐ฏ๐ช๐ฒ๐ถ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ด๐ด. ๐๐ถ๐ฅ๐ญ๐ฆ๐บ ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ต๐ด ๐ช๐ต ๐ต๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ธ๐ข๐บ: โ๐๐ฎ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ ๐ค๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ข๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ข ๐ค๐ญ๐ข๐ด๐ด ๐ฃ๐บ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ด๐ฆ๐ญ๐ท๐ฆ๐ด. ๐๐ฐ ๐ฐ๐ท๐ฆ๐ณ๐ญ๐ฐ๐ฐ๐ฌ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ข๐ต ๐ถ๐ฏ๐ช๐ฒ๐ถ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ด๐ด ๐ช๐ด ๐ต๐ฐ ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ถ๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ด๐ต๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ฎโ. Indeed, Carroll says: โ๐๐ฎ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ ๐ค๐ฉ๐ถ๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ข๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ข๐ถ๐ต๐ช๐ง๐ถ๐ญโ. ___________________________________________________________________
Description
Thesis (Ph.D.(Teologie))--University of the Free State, 2023