Assessing risk of malnutrition in adult patients on hemodialysis in Port Elizabeth

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Date
2016-04
Authors
Botha, Angelique
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Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract
English: There are currently 737 patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the Eastern Cape (EC) of South Africa (SA) alone. Diseases of lifestyle are major risk factors for the development and/or progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is a growing problem in SA, as diseases of lifestyle are becoming more prevalent. The kidneys play a vital role in the body. The kidneys’ functions include: waste removal through the urine; reabsorption of water, glucose and amino-acids; production of hormones such as calcitriol and erythropoietin; production of the enzyme renin; regulation of homeostasis by regulating electrolytes, the acid-base balance and blood pressure. CKD is present when there are abnormalities in the kidneys prevent these functions. The reduced ability of the kidneys to carry out these functions, leads to the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT), such as hemodialysis (HD). The main objective of this study was to determine the risk for malnutrition amongst adults with CKD receiving HD in Port Elizabeth (PE). A total of 68 patients took part in the study. Only 68, 7% (n = 44) patients were from the National Renal Care Dialysis unit, 20.6% (n = 14) patients from the Mercantile Life Dialysis unit and 14.7% (n = 10) from Fresenius Medical Care dialysis unit. These three centres were included for logistical reasons as well as familiarity with the staff and patients. A structured researcher-administered questionnaire was presented to the HD patients. The information collected included socio-demographics, a short-form mini nutrition assessment (SF-MNA) and anthropometrical data. There were 57.4% (n=39) male patients and 42.7% (n= 29) female patients. The majority of patients were married (58.8%); 47.1% had finished high school and an equal percentage of patients had a tertiary education. The largest percentage of patients (63.2%) was older than 50 years with a median age of 54.5 years. Half of the patients were black (n=34), 22.1% (n=15) were coloured, 4.4% (n=3) were Asian/ Indian and 22.1% (n=15) were white. Most patients spoke isiXhosa (41.3%) while only 23.5% spoke English. Just under a third (29.4%) of the patients was unemployed, while just over a quarter (26.5%) was employed on a full time basis. Pensioners made up 32.4% of the sample and only 2 patients were students. Most patients (94.1%) attend the unit 3 times per week and 5.9% (n= 4) attend the unit only twice per week. The majority of patients have been on HD for more than a year, half (48.9%) had been on HD for 1 to 5 years, and 26.5% had been on HD for more than 5 years. Patients who came from areas outside PE, were from Somerset East, Alexandria, Cradock, Port Alfred or Grahamstown. Most of the patients live within PE. Five patients (7.4%) live within 5 km of their dialysis unit, 39.7% within 5 – 10 km from the unit, and six 8.8% (n= 6) more than 50 km from the unit. Patients were classified as at risk for malnutrition if their SF-MNA scores were ≤ 11, and a score of ≥ 12 was considered acceptable. Of the 68 patients, 52.9% (n = 36) were identified as at risk for malnutrition. Significant associations between the risk of malnutrition, and HD duration, loss of appetite (p-value < 0.0001), weight loss (p-value < 0.0001) and psychological stress and/or acute disease (p-value < 0.0001) were found. In conclusion, a large number (52.9%) of patients that were receiving HD in PE at the time of the study, were at risk for malnutrition. Ongoing monitoring of such at-risk patients is therefore important. Detection of loss of appetite, weight loss and psychological stress and/or acute disease should be reason to suspect a risk for malnutrition. Early dietary and psychosocial intervention may improve the nutritional status and thus improve the patient’s quality of life. Psychological, nutritional and medical support during the first few months after HD is started, is important, as a higher risk for malnutrition is seen amongst patients on HD for 0 – 6 months. It is recommended that appropriate supplementation becomes standard practice and form part of the National Therapeutic Programme (NTP) during the first 6 months of HD.
Afrikaans: Daar is 737 pasiente in die Oostelike provinsie van Suid-Afrika alleen wat huidig niervervangingsterapie ondergaan. Kroniese nierversaking is ’n toenemende probleem in Suid-Afrika. Soos die voorkoms van diabetes, hipertensie, vetsugtigheid en kardiovaskulêre siekte toeneem, neem die voorkoms van kroniese nierversaking linieêr toe. Die niere handhaaf n verskeidenheid funksies in die liggaam. Die niere help om afval produkte vanuit die liggaam in die uriene uit te skei, absorbeer water, glukose en aminosure, vervaardig hormone soos kalsitrol en erythropoietin, en vervaardig die ensiem renin. Die niere help ook om n toestand van homeostase in die liggaam te handhaaf deur die regulering van elektroliete, suur-basisbalans en bloeddruk. Kroniese nierversaking kom voor wanneer abnormaliteite in die niere voorkom dat die niere sy funksies uitvoer. Die ingekorte funksie van die niere noodsaak niervervangingsterapie soos hemodialise. Die hoofdoel van die studie was om die risiko vir wanvoeding onder volwassenes wat hemodialise in Port Elizabeth (PE) ontvang, te bepaal. n Totaal van 68 deelnemers is in die studie ingesluit. Onder die 68 pasiente was 68.7% (n = 44) van die National Renal Care dialise-eenheid. 20.6% (n = 14) pasiente van die Mercantile dialise-eenheid en 14.7% (n = 10) van die Fresenius Medical Care dialise-eenheid. Die dialise-eenhede was gekies op gronde van hul ligging asook die bestaande goeie verhouding met die personeel en pasiente. ́n Gestruktureerde vraelys is deur die navorser aan die pasient voorgelê. Die inligting wat versamel is, sluit sosiodemografiese inligting, sowel as ́n kort mini-voedingsassessering en antropometriese data in. Die deelnemers het uit 57.35% (n = 39) manlike en 42.65% (n = 29) vroulike deelnemers bestaan. Die meerderhid van die pasiente was getroud (58.8%); 47.1% het skool voltooi en ́n gelyke persentasie pasiente het tersiêre onderrig. Die grootste deel (63.2%) van die pasiente was ouer as 50 jaar, met n gemiddelde ouderdom van 54.5 jaar. Die helfte van die pasiente (n = 34) was swart, 22.06% (n = 15) kleurling, 22.06% (n = 15) blank en 5.9% (n – 4) Asiaat/ Indier of ander. Die meeste pasiente was isiXhosa-sprekend (41.3%) terwyl net 23.5% Engels-sprekend was. Net onder ́n derde van die pasiente (29.4%) was werkloos, terwyl net ́n kwart (26.5%) ́n voltydse werk gehad het. Pensioenarisse het ́n derde van die pasiente uitgemaak (32.4%), terwyl twee pasiente studente was. Die meerderheid van die pasiente (94.1%) het die dialise eenheid drie keer per week bygewoon, terwyl net 5.9% (n = 4) twee keer per week dialise ontvang het. Die meerderheid van die pasiente het meer as een jaar lank dialise ontvang, waarvan 48.9% tussen 1-5 jaar op dialise was en 26.5% vir meer as vyf jaar. Pasiente wat van buite PE woonagtig was sluit Somerset Oos, Alexandria, Cradock, Port Alfred en Grahamstad in. Die meeste van die pasiente was in PE woonagtig. Vyf pasiente (7.4%) woon binne 5 km vanaf die dialise eenheid, 39.7% is binne 5-10 km vanaf die eenheid en 8.8% (n = 6) meer as 50 km. Deelnemers is as ́n risiko vir wanvoeding beskou as hul SF-MNA telling ≤ 11 was, en n telling van ≥ 12 was as aanvaarbaar aanskou. Van die 68 deelnemers, was 52.9% (n = 36) geidentifiseer as pasiente wat ́n risiko vir wanvoeding het. Statisties betekenisvolle assosiasies is waargeneem tussen die periode wat deelnemersreeds op dialise was, en die verlies van eetlus (p-value <0.0001), massaverlies (p-waarde <0.0001) en psigologiese stres of akute siekte (p-waarde <0.0001). Die studie het gevind dat meer as die helfte (52.9%) van pasiente wat ten tye van die studie dialise in PE ontvang het, ́n risiko vir wanvoeding gehad het. Deurlopende monitering van sodanige pasiente is belangrik. n Moontlike risiko vir wanvoeding moet oorweeg word wanneer n verlies van eetlus, massaverlies en psigologiese stres waargeneem word. Ondersteuning van die pasient tydens die eerste paar maande na die aanvang van dialise, is belangrik, aangesien die risiko vir wanvoeding dan groter is. Dieet- en psigo-sosiale intervensie mag die voedingstatus en dus die lewenskwaliteit van pasiente verbeter. Sielkundige-, voedings- en mediese ondersteuning tydens die eerste 6 maande na aanvang van dialise is veral belangrik, aangesien ́n groter risiko vir wanvoeding dan bestaan. Dit word aanbeveel dat dieet aanvullings n standaard behandeling word en deel vorm van die Nasionale Terapeutiese Program (NTP) tydens die eerste 6 maande van hemodialise.
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Keywords
Hemodialysis, Malnutrition--South Africa--Port Elizabeth, Adults--Nutrition--South Africa--Port Elizabeth, Dissertation (M.Sc. (Dietetics (Nutrition and Dietetics))--University of the Free State, 2016
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