Production of laccase by the white-rot fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus

White-rot fungi and their enzymes are receiving increasing attention for biotechnological applications in the pulp and paper industry as alternatives to conventional bleaching. Laccase has been identified as one of the enzymes that plays a major role in lignin degradation. Laccase only attacks phenolic subunits of lignin, but its substrate range can be extended to non-phenolic subunits by the inclusion of a mediator. The use of this enzyme was, therefore, not successful in pulp bleaching trials until the discovery of mediators. Although the existence of natural mediators has not been confirmed, various components have been identified that are able to act as mediators. Improved methods of laccase production could benefit the industrial utilisation of the enzyme. White-rot fungi constitutively produce low concentrations of laccase, but higher concentrations can be obtained with the inclusion of inducers in the cultivation media. The enzyme is mainly produced during the stationary growth phase of the fungi, but various factors such as glucose, nitrogen and pH can influence levels of laccase production. The enzyme does not only hold potential for biological pulp bleaching operations, but also has application in bioremediation, the textile dye industry as well as the food and beverage industries.