The integration of risk-informed development and nature-based solutions into sustainable human settlements in eThekwini Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal

KwaZulu-Natal province is known for its significant contributions to South Africa’s economy and tourism sector; however, approximately 13% of its residents live in informal housing areas. A large proportion of these residents are located in the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, where they are among the most vulnerable to hazards and disasters in the country. The municipality has demonstrated limited preparedness in preventing and mitigating such risks, as evidence by major flooding events in 2019, 2022, and 2024, which caused substantial economic losses, loss of life, and infrastructure damage. The increasing frequency and intensity of hazardous events emphasises the urgent need for effective disaster management practices. One such approach involves integrating Risk-Informed Development (RID) and Nature-based Solutions (NbS) to support risk-informed decision-making aimed at reducing risks, enhancing preparedness, response, and recovery, and strengthening resilience. This study sought to address this need and contribute to the limited scholarly knowledge on integrating RID and NbS into sustainable human settlements. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, using a questionnaire with both closed- and open-ended questions to collect data from 55 purposively selected participants who play a pivotal role in strategic planning for sustainable human settlements in eThekwini. Additional data was drawn from secondary sources, including reviewed literature and government strategic plans. Findings reveal limited integration of RID and NbS into strategic planning and human settlements development, highlight persistent gaps such as land and resource constraints, and identify opportunities to advance both knowledge and practice of RID to improve frameworks that aim to enhance the resilience and sustainability of human settlements in eThekwini. Further research could expand the scope of this study to a national level and explore community perspectives on RID and NbS, particularly their attitudes and involvement in planning processes, which is crucial for achieving sustainable development goals.