Development and pro-poor tourism: the livelihood strategies of Amazizi in northern Drakensberg, Kwazulu-Natal

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Date
2010
Authors
Mazibuko, Sibonginkosi Godfrey
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Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract
English: The primary purpose of this study was to investigate and analyse the livelihood strategies of AmaZizi, and to identify the constraints preventing the initiatives of the people of AmaZizi --- which is adjacent to the Royal Natal National Park (RNNP) in the northern Drakensberg of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa --- from taking an active part as entrepreneurs in the local tourism economy and derive socioeconomic benefits from such participation. Using the sustainable livelihoods approach, this investigation was done by examining the capital assets people possessed that could help them become active participants as entrepreneurs in the local tourism economy instead of being limited to wage employment. In order to answer the research question, the following objectives were posited: o To analyse the livelihood strategies of AmaZizi o To contribute to the understanding of the sustainable livelihoods approach o To determine the extent to which AmaZizi participated in the local economy o To identify the constraints/barriers acting against local initiatives among the people of AmaZizi o To determine opportunities for integrating local communities into the first economy o To provide key information about the availability of resources which could be of benefit to in the area The sustainable livelihoods framework provided a tool to determine sustainability, not only of lives, but also of the production process in the study area. This framework enabled the research to be people-centered in that it enquired into the capital assets that could be used to escape poverty and unemployment. The framework proved a critical tool, because it queried the assets people possessed and the way in which they could use these assets to better themselves. Pro-poor tourism was considered, as the local people in the study area should have been able to benefit greatly from local tourism. This proved to be an elusive point, however, as many people depended on state social grants and remittances. Although handicrafts had served as a safety net,this had not really alleviated poverty. Wage employment could be obtained from time to time, but it was not sufficient; moreover, it was unsustainable as it had no long term benefits. Consequently, the poor became even more vulnerable in the long run, as the temporary jobs carried no pension benefits, for example. The research argues that pro-poor tourism as a strategy against poverty is unlikely to be of any consequence if not supported by relevant pro-poor policies. Without policies, pro-poor tourism will merely remain a poverty alleviation strategy; a mechanism to provide a safety net against poverty.
Afrikaans: Die primêre doel van hierdie studie was om die lewensbestaanstrategieë van AmaZizi te ondersoek en te ontleed, en om die struikelblokke te identifiseer wat die inisiatiewe van die mense van AmaZizi --- wat langs die Royal Natal National Park (RNNP) in die noordelike Drakensberge van KwaZulu-Natal, Suid-Afrika, geleë is --- belemmer het en hulle verhoed het om as entrepreneurs 'n aktiewe rol in die plaaslike toerisme-ekonomie te vervul. Die volhoubare lewensbestaan benadering is in hierdie ondersoek gevolg om te vas te stel oor watter kapitaalgoedere die mense beskik het wat hulle in staat kon stel om aktief as entrepreneurs deel te neem aan die plaaslike toerisme-ekonomie. in plaas daarvan om van loonarbeid afhanklik te wees. Ten einde die navorsingsvraag te beantwoord, is die volgende doelwitte gestel: o Om die lewensbestaanstrategieë van AmaZizi te ontleed o Om by te dra tot 'n begrip van die volhoubare lewensbestaan benadering o Om te bepaal in watter mate AmaZizi deelgeneem het aan die plaaslike ekonomie o Om die beperkinge/struikelblokke wat plaaslike inisiatiewe deur die mense van AmaZizi belemmer het, te identifiseer o Om vas te stel watter geleenthede daar bestaan het om plaaslike gemeenskappe by die eerste ekonomie te integreer o Om deurslaggewende inligting oor die beskikbaarheid van hulpbronne waaruit die gebied voordeel kan trek, te verskaf Die volhoubare lewensbestaan raamwerk is gebruik as instrument waarvolgens volhoubaarheid bepaal kon word; nie net van lewens nie, maar ook van die produksieproses in die studiegebied. Volgens hierdie raamwerk kon die navorsing mens-gesentreerd wees, in die opsig dat kon kyk na die kapitaalgoedere wat gebruik kon word om uit armoede en werkloosheid te ontsnap. Die raamwerk het gedien as kritiese instrument, omdat dit navraag gedoen het na die bates wat mense besit het, en na die wyse waarop hulle hierdie bates kon gebruik om hulself te verbeter. Toerisme ten gunste van die armes (pro-poor tourism) is oorweeg, aangesien die plaaslike bevolking in die studiegebied in groot mate deur plaaslike toerisme bevoordeel sou kon word. Dit was egter moeilik om te bepaal, aangesien baie mense afhanklik was van maatskaplike toelaes en geldsendings. Hoewel kunsvlyt as veiligheidsnet gedien het, het dit nie werklik armoede verlig nie. Loonarbeid kon van tyd tot tyd verrig word, maar dit was nie voldoende nie; hierbenewens was dit nie volhoubaar nie, aangesien dit geen langtermynvoordele ingehou het nie. Gevolglik was die armes op lang termyn selfs nog meer kwesbaar, aangesien die tydelike werk byvoorbeeld geen pensioenvoordele verskaf het nie. Die navorsing voer aan dat dit onwaarskynlik is dat toerisme ten gunste van die armes as strategie sal slaag, tensy dit gesteun word deur 'n relevante pro-arme beleid. In die afwesigheid van 'n beleid sal toerisme ten gunste van die armes slegs 'n armoedeverligtingstrategie bly; 'n meganisme wat dien as 'n veiligheidsnet teen armoede. Die verhandeling is soos volg saamgestel: Hoofstuk Een dien as inleiding tot die studie, en Hoofstuk Twee gee die literatuurstudie weer. Hoofstuk Drie kyk na die volhoubare lewensbestaan benadering, waarop hierdie navorsing gegrond is. Hoofstuk Vier behandel die metodologiese kwessies, en in Hoofstuk Vyf word die bevindinge van die studie voorgelê. Hoofstuk Ses bespreek die rol van beide openbare instellings en die privaat sektor as sleutelrolspelers in die wyse waarop mense se lewensbestaan gevorm word, soos voorgestel in die volhoubare lewensbestaan raamwerk. In Hoofstuk Sewe val die klem op die rol van beleid ten gunste van die armes en staatsingryping in die ekonomie ten einde die armes te bevoordeel.
Description
Thesis (Ph.D. (Development Studies))--University of the Free State, 2010
Keywords
Amazizi (African people) -- Social life and customs, Amazizi (African people) -- Economic conditions, Economic development -- South Africa -- Kwazulu-Natal, Tourism -- South Africa -- Kwazulu-Natal, Participation, Capital assets, Tourism, Land reform, Rural development, Economic development, Conservation, Pro-poor tourism, Unemployment, Poverty, Northern Drakensberg, Development
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