The relationship between certain family variables and the psychological well-being of Black adolescents

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Date
2005-05
Authors
Henn, Carolina Maria
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Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract
English: The black South African family has been neglected in research, although attempts have been made in recent years to rectify this situation. In addition, little information exists regarding black adolescents in South Africa. The aim of this research project was thus to supplement existing data on black adolescents within their family contexts. To this end the relationship between selected family variables and the psychological well-being of black adolescents was investigated. The traditional black South African family and socio-political factors impacting on it, was explored through a literature review. Subsequently, data was colle cted from 2 505 black adolescents. Information regarding the following family variables were obtained: family structure, marital status of parents, household size, educational status of both parents, employment status of both parents, time spent with eac h parent, and taking care of household members who are severely disabled or chronically ill. Variables relating to psychological well-being of adolescents that were measured, were depression, perceptions of social support, life satisfaction and self-esteem. Regarding family variables, interesting trends were observed. The extended family was found to be the predominant family structure, although only marginally so. Divorce rates were low and the average household size was larger than expected. Furthermore adolescents spend considerably more time with their mothers than with their fathers. A majority of adolescents indicated that they do not spend enough time with their fathers. A large proportion of participants indicated that they are caring for severely disabled or chronically ill members in their households. A high depression rate of 26% was found. Results showed that family variables had virtually no significant impact on adolescent depression. Maternal employment and the presence of household me mbers who are severely disabled or chronically ill were the only two variables that showed statistically significant relationships with depression. 172 It seemed that adolescents experience less perceived support in female -headed extended families. Intact families, employed fathers, and more time spent with both mothers and fathers appeared to be linked to higher levels of perceived familial support. Identified trends appear to suggest that what is generally considered to be a stable family environment (e.g. intact family and sufficient family time) has a positive impact on adolescents’ well-being. The only family variable that showed a statistically significant relationship with selfesteem was taking care of household members with severe disabilities or chronic illnesses. The study also found that larger households, paternal employment and more time spent with parents were statistically significantly linked to higher levels of life satisfaction. Results of the study revealed that the black families in this study are reasonably stable despite pressures exerted on it. This confirms the existence of innate strengths within black families, and shows their resilience. Several prominent issues that deserves further attention both in terms of future research and in terms of intervention strategies, came to light in the course of the research. The high depression rate amongst adolescents needs serious attention. Time spent with parents also deserves further consideration. Black families need assistance in overcoming the negative effects of South Africa’s socio-political history and in finding a synthesis between their traditional family values and the demands of modern society. In this regard, inherent strengths of black families need to be investigated. Finally, the emergence of new family structures, and the causes and effects thereof, should be examined. The current project adds greatly to the existing database on black families and the psychological well-being of black adolescents. It is hoped that this will stimulate further research in this field, and that information will be utilized in designing and steering intervention programmes.
Afrikaans: Die swart Suid-Afrikaanse gesin het in die verlede weinig aandag van navorsers ontvang, en pogings om hierdie toedrag van sake aan te spreek het eers redelik onlangs begin. Min data bestaan ve ral ook ten opsigte van swart adolessente. Die huidige navorsing het gepoog om die beskikbare inligting rakende swart adolessente binne gesinsverband aan te vul. Die spesifieke doel van die projek was om die verband tussen geselekteerde gesinsveranderlik es en die geestesgesondheid van swart adolessente te ondersoek. Die tradisionele swart Suid-Afrikaanse gesin, en sosio-politiese faktore wat die gesin beïnvloed het, is ondersoek deur middel van ‘n literatuurstudie. In die empiriese ondersoek is data vanaf 2 505 adolessente in Mangaung, ‘n stadswyk (“township”) buite Bloemfontein in die Vrystaat provinsie, verkry. Die volgende gesinsveranderlikes is ondersoek: gesinstruktuur; huwelikstatus van ouers; grootte van die huishouding; opvoedkundige peil van beide ouers; werkstatus van ouers; tyd wat spandeer word met beide ouers; asook die versorging van ernstig gestremde of chronies siek lede in die huishouding. Veranderlikes wat verband hou met die geestesgesondheid van die adolessente wat in hierdie studie ingesluit is, is depressie, persepsies van sosiale ondersteuning, lewenstevredenheid en eiewaarde. In terme van gesinsveranderlikes is ‘n aantal interessante bevindings verkry. Die uitgebreide gesin was die dominante gesinstruktuur, maar met slegs ‘n geringe meerderheid. Egskeidingsyfers was baie laag en die gemiddelde grootte van huishoudings groter as verwag. ‘n Minderheid adolessente het aangetoon dat hulle voldoende tyd met hulle vaders spandeer. Voorts het ‘n groot proporsie adolessente aangetoon dat hulle vir ernstig gestremde of chronies siek lede in hul huishoudings moet sorg. ‘n Baie hoë depressiesyfer van 26% is verkry. Resultate het feitlik geen statisties beduidende verband getoon tussen gesinsveranderlikes en depressie nie. Moeders wat werk het en die versorging van ernstig gestremde of chronies siek lede in huishoudings was die enigste veranderlikes wat ‘n statisties beduidende invloed gehad het op depressie. Die studie het ook getoon dat adolessente persepsies van verminderde gesinsondersteuning het in uitgebreide gesinne met vroulike hoofde. Getroude ouers, vaders wat werk het en meer tyd wat gespandeer word by beide vaders en moeders blyk die geestesgesondheid van adolessente positief te beïnvloed. Die enigste gesinsveranderlike wat ‘n statisties beduidende verhouding getoon het met eiewaarde, was die versorging van lede met ernstige gestremdhede of chroniese siektes in die huishouding. Voorts het die studie ook gevind dat groter huishoudings, vaders wat werk het en meer tyd wat saam met ouers spandeer word, statisties beduidend verband hou met hoër vlakke van lewenstevredenheid. In die algemeen blyk dit uit hierdie navorsing dat die swart gesin daarin geslaag het om redelik stabiel te bly ten spyte van baie negatiewe faktor e wat in die verlede daarop ingewerk het, en ook faktore wat vandag steeds eise aan die swart gesin stel. Dit bevestig die teenwoordigheid van inherente sterktes in die swart gesin, en sy vermoë om te herstel van terugslae. Verskeie prominente aspekte wat verdere aandag moet geniet beide in terme van verdere navorsing sowel as in terme van intervensie, het in die studie vorendag gekom. Die hoë depressiesyfer verdien ernstige en onmiddellike aandag. Tyd wat adolessente by hulle ouers deurbring moet ook verder ondersoek word. Swart gesinne benodig ondersteuning en hulp om die negatiewe uitwerking van Suid-Afrika se sosio-politiese verlede te oorkom, en om tradisionele waardes met moderne waardes te versoen. In hierdie opsig moet die inherente sterktes va n die swart gesin nagevors en aangewend word. Die ontwikkeling van nuwe gesinstrukture, en die oorsake en gevolge daarvan, verdien ook aandag. Die huidige projek dra aansienlik by tot beskikbare data ten opsigte van swart gesinne en die geestesgesondheid van swart adolessente. Die hoop word uitgespreek dat hierdie studie verdere navorsing sal stimuleer, en dat bevindinge geïnkorporeer sal word in die ontwikkeling en implementering van relevante intervensie.
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Keywords
Thesis (Ph.D. (Psychology))--University of the Free State, 2005, Adolescent psychology, Teenagers -- Family relationships
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