People, nature and resources: Managing land-use conflicts in Ngamiland, Botswana
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Date
2022
Authors
Seleka, Malatsi L.
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract
English: Land-use conflicts between communities and protected-area management authorities are recurrent in African countries. These are attributed to opposing needs, interests and preferences regarding land utilisation. If such conflicts are left unchecked or ineffective strategies are adopted, they can lead to negative social, economic and ecological consequences. This study sought to investigate the source and causes of conflicts regarding land use in Ngamiland or North-West District in Botswana.The study focused on the Mababe community and sought to critically evaluate the effectiveness of strategies employed by the DWNP to manage land-use conflicts in Mababe in the Ngamiland District of Botswana. Methodologically, the study adopted a qualitative case study approach and a post-positivist lens. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, participant observation and documentary analysis. Purposive sampling was used to select respondents for in-depth interviews and snowball sampling for focus group discussion participants. The majority of the respondents were aged between 45-64, with more males (64%) compared to females (36%). Findings of the study highlight that land-use conflicts between the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the community of Mababe are caused by a range of factors, such as restricted access to and utilisation of land in protected areas by the community, tenure insecurity and non-participatory land management processes implemented by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks. The study also revealed that the Community-Based Natural Resources Management Programme (CBNRMP) adopted by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks has not always been effective, resulting in escalating land-use conflicts. The Community-Based Natural Resources Management Programme has not been able to address several issues at the core of community development needs. As a result, perceptions of its benefits are low in the community. The programme has unclear objectives and skewed power dynamics in managing land and other resources. The use of deceptive processes and neglect of community culture and values by Community-Based Natural Resources Management authorities from the Department of Wildlife and National Parks regarding land utilisation renders the programme ineffective in managing land-use conflicts. Based on the findings and consistent with the broader literature, the recommendation is that the Community-Based Natural Resources Management Programme be revised to incorporate issues of land tenure, harmonisation with other existing land and conservation frameworks, community values and culture, collegiate participation and peace education to improve its effectiveness in managing land-use conflicts. The study also proposes a participatory evaluation framework to improve the programme significantly.
Other: Kgotlhang ya tiriso ya lefatshe fa gare ga merafe le bogogi jwa mafelo a a sireleditsweng ke selo modiro mo Aferika. Se se bakwa ke dikeletso le dikgatlhego tse di farologanyeng gammogo le go iteba pele mabapi le tiriso ya lefatshe. Fa dikgotlhang tse di ka se rarabololwe kana go tswewa ditshwetso tse di sa lebanang, se se ka ama matshelo, itsholelo le kamano ya batho le tikologo. Patlisiso ene ya ikaelela go sekaseka se se bakang kgotlhang mabapi le tiriso ya lefatshe mo kgaolong ya Ngami mo Bokone Bophirima jwa lefatshe la Botswana. Patlisiso e, e remeletse mo bathong ba Mababe, maikaelelo e le go sekaseka gore a ditshetlana tse ba lephata la diphologolo le makgabisanaga ba tsileng ka tsone go laola dikgotlhang mabapi le tiriso ya lefatshe mo kgaolong ya Ngami mo Mababe di a bereka. Se se fitlheletsweng ke patlisiso e, se rurifatsa gore dikgotlhang tsa tiriso ya lefatshe fa gare ga lephata la diphologolo le makgabisanaga ga mmogo le setshaba sa Mababe, di bakiwa ke mabaka a a farologaneng a tshwana le gore morafe ga o letlelelwe go tsena mo mafelong a a sireleditsweng ga mmogo le ditsamaiso tse di sa akaretseng morafe tse di diragadiwang ke ba lephata la diphologolo le makgabisanaga. Patlisiso e gape e supile gore lenaneo la morafe le le tlhokometseng ditsatlholego (Community-Based Natural Resources Management Programme) le le dirisiwang ke ba lephata la diphologolo le makgabisanaga ga le ise leko le dire sentle mme se se gakaditse dikgotlhang tsa tiriso ya lefatshe. Lenaneo leo ga le a kgona go itebaganya le dikgang di le mmalwa tsa konokono tse di amang ditlhabololo mo morafeng wa Mababe. Ka jalo, ditsholofelo ga di kalo mo bathong. Lenaneo ga le na maikaelelo a a tlhomameng gape le na le ditsamaiso tse di sokameng mo go tlhokomeleng lefatshe le meamuso e mengwe. Ditsamaiso tsa meamuso le lefatshe di belaetsa tsietso le go ikgatholosa ditshetlana tsa ngwao ke bagolwane kwa lekalaneng le le tlhokometseng ditsatlholego gotswa kwa lephateng la diphologolo le makgabisanaga. Tiriso ya lefatshe ga e kgotsofatshe baagi, ka jalo go dira gore lenaeo le palelwe ke go rarabolola dikgotlhang tsa tiriso ya lefatshe. Go ya pele, kgakololo ke gore, a lenaneo le le tlhokometseng ditsatlholego (CBNRMP) le kanokwe gore le akaretse dikgang tsa tiriso ya lefatshe, le gore go nne le tshwaragano le melawana e mengwe e e ntseng e le teng mabapi le tshomarelo tikologo, ditshetlana tsa ngwao tsa merafe, go tsaya karolo, thuto ka kagiso le go tokafatsa dikgang tsa go laola dikghotlhang tsa tiriso ya lefatshe. Patlisiso e gape e rotloetsa gore go dirwe dikanoko tse di pataganetsweng gore lenaneo le tokafadiwe go menagane.
Other: Kgotlhang ya tiriso ya lefatshe fa gare ga merafe le bogogi jwa mafelo a a sireleditsweng ke selo modiro mo Aferika. Se se bakwa ke dikeletso le dikgatlhego tse di farologanyeng gammogo le go iteba pele mabapi le tiriso ya lefatshe. Fa dikgotlhang tse di ka se rarabololwe kana go tswewa ditshwetso tse di sa lebanang, se se ka ama matshelo, itsholelo le kamano ya batho le tikologo. Patlisiso ene ya ikaelela go sekaseka se se bakang kgotlhang mabapi le tiriso ya lefatshe mo kgaolong ya Ngami mo Bokone Bophirima jwa lefatshe la Botswana. Patlisiso e, e remeletse mo bathong ba Mababe, maikaelelo e le go sekaseka gore a ditshetlana tse ba lephata la diphologolo le makgabisanaga ba tsileng ka tsone go laola dikgotlhang mabapi le tiriso ya lefatshe mo kgaolong ya Ngami mo Mababe di a bereka. Se se fitlheletsweng ke patlisiso e, se rurifatsa gore dikgotlhang tsa tiriso ya lefatshe fa gare ga lephata la diphologolo le makgabisanaga ga mmogo le setshaba sa Mababe, di bakiwa ke mabaka a a farologaneng a tshwana le gore morafe ga o letlelelwe go tsena mo mafelong a a sireleditsweng ga mmogo le ditsamaiso tse di sa akaretseng morafe tse di diragadiwang ke ba lephata la diphologolo le makgabisanaga. Patlisiso e gape e supile gore lenaneo la morafe le le tlhokometseng ditsatlholego (Community-Based Natural Resources Management Programme) le le dirisiwang ke ba lephata la diphologolo le makgabisanaga ga le ise leko le dire sentle mme se se gakaditse dikgotlhang tsa tiriso ya lefatshe. Lenaneo leo ga le a kgona go itebaganya le dikgang di le mmalwa tsa konokono tse di amang ditlhabololo mo morafeng wa Mababe. Ka jalo, ditsholofelo ga di kalo mo bathong. Lenaneo ga le na maikaelelo a a tlhomameng gape le na le ditsamaiso tse di sokameng mo go tlhokomeleng lefatshe le meamuso e mengwe. Ditsamaiso tsa meamuso le lefatshe di belaetsa tsietso le go ikgatholosa ditshetlana tsa ngwao ke bagolwane kwa lekalaneng le le tlhokometseng ditsatlholego gotswa kwa lephateng la diphologolo le makgabisanaga. Tiriso ya lefatshe ga e kgotsofatshe baagi, ka jalo go dira gore lenaeo le palelwe ke go rarabolola dikgotlhang tsa tiriso ya lefatshe. Go ya pele, kgakololo ke gore, a lenaneo le le tlhokometseng ditsatlholego (CBNRMP) le kanokwe gore le akaretse dikgang tsa tiriso ya lefatshe, le gore go nne le tshwaragano le melawana e mengwe e e ntseng e le teng mabapi le tshomarelo tikologo, ditshetlana tsa ngwao tsa merafe, go tsaya karolo, thuto ka kagiso le go tokafatsa dikgang tsa go laola dikghotlhang tsa tiriso ya lefatshe. Patlisiso e gape e rotloetsa gore go dirwe dikanoko tse di pataganetsweng gore lenaneo le tokafadiwe go menagane.
Description
Thesis (Ph.D (Africa Studies))--University of the Free State, 2022