Aspekte van die biologie van tuinduiwe (Columba livia) in die Bloemfonteinse stadsgebied

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Date
2007-05
Authors
Le Roux, Pieter Daniƫl Stephanus
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Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract
English: Owing to the increase of complaints in the city of Bloemfontein concerning the damage being caused to buildings by birds, different aspects of the biology of feral pigeons (Columba livia) was investigated. Close to 400 pigeons, which included nearly 50 lost racing pigeons, were collected on a regular basis within the city boundaries over a period of one year (March 2005 - February 2006). Although slightly more male birds were obtained, no significant variance from a balanced sex ratio in the population structure was distinguished. Feral pigeons moult continuously throughout the year at a relatively low intensity rate. Conspicuous peaks in the moulting of primary, secondary and tail feathers were observed for both sexes, however, the period for replacement was slower for females. Leucism was displayed by more than a quarter of the birds. Feral pigeons are more frequently infected with parasitic louse flies compared to local rock pigeons (Columba guinea), with the highest infection occurring during the summer months. Apart from measurements of the beak, the standard body measurements of adult males are significantly larger compared with their female counterparts. A similar trend applies in the different sexes of juvenile feral pigeons as well as racing pigeons. The seasonal variation in the body weight and visible fat deposits of adult feral pigeons probably coincides with the birds' breeding activity and the temporary availability of abundant food supplies. A prominent peak in the activity of the ovarian cycle of female birds, based on the weight and diameter of macroscopic follicles, coincides with the gonad cycle of male feral pigeons which occurs during the early winter months, followed by a smaller peak during spring. Based on the presence of nests, eggs and chicks, feral pigeons breed throughout the year with a decrease in breeding activity during the wetter summer months. Nest types vary from dried droppings on which eggs are laid to firmly-built, dry stick nests. After hatching from a typical clutch of two eggs the weight of the chicks increase daily on a linear scale. Both parents are involved in the hatching and raising of the chicks. Second or subsequent clutches are laid regularly throughout the year at the same nesting site. Rock and feral pigeons may interbreed, however this phenomenon is rarely documented. Agricultural crops including maize (Zea mays), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) are the most important components of the diet of feral pigeons living at the SASOL library on the campus of the University of the Free State. The diet of birds living within the city centre consists mainly of natural vegetation of which seeds of the Camdeboo stinkwood (Celtis africana) constitutes the most important component. The low percentage of animal matter consists largely of pupae of Diptera and egg cocoons of unidentified earthworms, while grit constitutes the largest component of inorganic matter. No significant statistical difference was found in the composition of the different sexes' diet. Under experimental conditions feral pigeons show a definite affinity towards maize in comparison with sorghum (Sorghum almum), sunflower and wheat. Associated with the latter, yellow food items are preferred above blue, green and red coloured items. Single birds eat on average more over a short term (10 minutes) than individuals which feed in groups, but almost equal amounts of food are ingested by individuals over a longer period (2 hours). Feral pigeons living on the university campus leave their nesting sites daily just after sunrise to go and feed on agricultural crops on the surrounding farmlands, returning approximately two hours later. Birds feeding in the city were mainly found on the ground during the early morning hours and to a lesser extent during the afternoon. The birds usually spend the hot midday hours in the shade. Lost racing pigeons regularly join local feral populations in urban areas. With the consideration of appropriate national and/or municipal laws, the shooting of feral pigeons with airguns and/or the provision of alpha-chloralose treated bait seems to be the most effective way in which their numbers in urban areas may be controlled. The introduction of natural enemies such as owls and/or falcons into urban areas could also be considered as a method of control of feral pigeon numbers.
Afrikaans: Ondersoek is ingestel na aspekte van die biologie van tuinduiwe (Columba livia) in die Bloemfonteinse stadsgebied na aanleiding van toenemende klagtes betreffende die bevuiling en beskadiging van geboue in die stad. Nagenoeg 400 duiwe, waaronder sowat 50 verlore wedvlugduiwe, is op 'n gereelde basis oor 'n tydperk van een jaar (Maart 2005 - Februarie 2006) binne die stadsgrense versamel. Hoewel 'n geringe oorwig van manlike individue verkry is, kon geen betekenisvolle afwyking van 'n gebalanseerde geslagsverhouding in die bevolkingstrukture onderskei word nie. Ververing van tuinduiwe geskied dwarsdeur die jaar teen 'n relatief lae intensiteit. Opvallende ververingspieke van die hoofslag-, byslag- en stertvere is by beide geslagte waargeneem, maar die vernuwingsproses by wyfies strek oor 'n effens langer periode. Meer as 'n kwart van die voĆ«ls het leukistiese vere besit. Tuinduiwe word meer dikwels as die plaaslike kransduiwe (Columba guinea) deur ektoparasitiese luisvlieĆ« (Pseudolychia canariensis) besmet, met die besmettingsfrekwensie wat gedurende die warmer somermaande relatief hoog is. Afgesien van die snawelafmetings is volwasse mannetjies met betrekking tot alle standaard liggaamsafmetings betekenisvol groter as wyfies. 'n Soortgelyke tendens blyk ook by die onderskeie geslagte van onvolwasse tuin- en wedvlugduiwe van toepassing te wees. Seisoensvariasie in die liggaamsmassa en sigbare vetinhoud van volwassenes hou waarskynlik met broeiaktiwiteite en die beskikbaarheid van tydelik oorvloedige voedselbronne verband. In ooreenstemming met die gonadesiklus van mannetjies, vind 'n opvallende aktiwiteitspiek in die ovariumsiklus van wyfies, gebaseer op massabepalings en deursnee van makroskopiese follikels, gedurende die vroeĆ« wintermaande plaas, gevolg deur 'n kleiner piek gedurende die lente. Op grond van die voorkoms van neste, eiers en neskuikens vind broeiaktiwiteite van tuinduiwe dwarsdeur die jaar plaas met 'n laagtepunt wat gedurende die nat somermaande ondervind word. Nestipes wissel van gevalle waar eiers slegs op droĆ« voĆ«lmis gelĆŖ is tot stewige neste wat met droĆ« takkies gebou is. Na uitbroeiing van 'n tipiese broeiselgrootte van twee eiers vind daaglikse massatoename van neskuikens op 'n lineĆŖre wyse plaas. Beide ouers is betrokke by die uitbroei van eiers en die grootmaak van neskuikens. Tweede of daaropvolgende broeisels is deur die loop van die jaar op dieselfde nesplekke onderneem. Verbastering tussen krans- en tuinduiwe is wel moontlik, maar vind nie algemeen plaas nie. Verbouingsgewasse soos koring (Triticum aestivum), mielies (Zea mays) en sonneblom (Helianthus annuus) vorm die dominante voedselkomponent van tuinduiwe by die SASOL-biblioteek op die kampus van die Universiteit van die Vrystaat. Die dieet van die bevolking in die middestad bestaan egter oorwegend uit natuurlike plantegroei waarvan sade van die witstinkhout (Celtis africana) verreweg die belangrikste komponent uitmaak. Die klein persentasie dierlike materiaal bestaan hoofsaaklik uit Diptera-papies en eierkokons van ongeĆÆdentifiseerde erdwurms, terwyl klipgruis die belangrikste komponent van anorganiese materiaal uitmaak. Geen statisties betekenisvolle verskil kom in die algehele dieetsamestelling van die onderskeie geslagte voor nie. Onder eksperimentele toestande toon tuinduiwe 'n duidelike voorkeur ten opsigte van geelmielies vergeleke met koring, sonneblom en sorghum (Sorghum almum). Geassosieerd hiermee word geelgekleurde voedselitems bĆ³ blou, groen en rooi items verkies. Op kort termyn (10 minute) vreet enkelinge gemiddeld meer as individue wat in groepe voed, maar op langer termyn (2 uur) word bykans gelyke hoeveelhede voedsel deur individuele duiwe benut. Tuinduiwe van die universiteitskampus verlaat hul nesplekke bedags net nĆ” sonop vir ongeveer twee ure om op verbouingsgewasse in die onmiddellike omgewing te gaan voed. Individue wat in die stad voed, word soggens die meeste op grondvlak aangetref en weer in 'n mindere mate tydens die namiddag. Gedurende die warmer middagure vertoef die voĆ«ls gewoonlik in skaduryke rusplekke. Verlore wedvlugduiwe sluit gereeld by plaaslike tuinduifbevolkings in stadsgebiede aan. Met die inagneming van toepaslike nasionale, provinsiale asook munisipale regulasies kan die gereelde uitskiet van tuinduiwe met behulp van windgewere en/of die verskaffing van lokaas wat met alfa-chloralose behandel is as die mees effektiewe beheermaatreĆ«ls van die voĆ«ls in stadsgebiede beskou word. Die voĆ«ls se getalle kan ook beheer word deur die vestiging van natuurlike predatore, byvoorbeeld uile en/of valke, in gebiede waar groot tuinduifbevolkings voorkom.
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Keywords
Pigeons -- South Africa -- Bloemfontein, Feral pigeon (Columba livia), Dissertation (M.Sc. (Zoology and Entomology))--University of the Free State, 2007, Activity patterns, Morphormetry, Feeding ecology, Plumage
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