Development and implementation of a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay to detect the intron 22 inversion in haemophilia A patients

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Date
2017-12
Authors
Kloppers, Jean Frederick
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University of the Free State
Abstract
English: Background: Haemophilia A is a bleeding disorder with an incidence rate of one in 5,000-10,000 males worldwide. The disorder has a substantial impact on patients and their caregivers and is underdiagnosed in developing countries such as South Africa, where there is a lack of genetic research in the field. Haemophilia A is caused by mutations in the FVIII gene, with the most common mutation in severe haemophilia A patients being inv22 (45%). The current inv22 detection methods have disadvantages. The aim of this study was to develop novel inv22 detection methods that could overcome the disadvantages of the current inv22 detection methods. Methodology: We recruited three controls, including one non-haemophilic volunteer (C1) and two non-related inv22 confirmed severe haemophilia A patients (C2 and C3). The controls were used to evaluate the inv22 I-PCR detection method and to develop a conventional and a real-time RT-PCR inv22 detection method, respectively. The controls were Sanger sequenced to confirm the results of the PCR detection methods. A further 60 participants (35 haemophilia A patients, 18 possible haemophilia A carriers and seven healthy volunteers) from central South Africa were recruited for this study. The newly optimised detection methods were used to screen the 60 participants for the inv22. The PCR results for the 60 participants were confirmed with Sanger sequence analysis. The inv22 results for the conventional RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR and Sanger sequence analysis in this study were subsequently compared. Results and discussion: The inv22 I-PCR detection method could not be evaluated after several attempts, and after troubleshooting measures were exhausted. The main reason for this failure was contributed to the fact that the inv22 I-PCR detection method did not have any ‘built-in’ quality control steps that allowed for successful troubleshooting. The need for an uncomplicated inv22 detection method was thus, further motivated. The inv22 conventional and real-time RT-PCR detection methods were successfully optimised. Control C1 was confirmed to be inv22 negative and controls C2 and C3 to be inv22 positive with Sanger sequence analysis. The novel detection methods overcame some of the disadvantages associated with the previous detection methods, especially referring to cost and turnaround time. The two newly developed methods were used to screen the 60 study participants for the inv22. The results for the 60 study participants were confirmed with Sanger sequence analysis. When the different detection methods’ results were compared, only a single difference was found between the two assays. The inv22 was found in 29.41% of our severe haemophilia A population. Conclusion: Rapid, accurate, reliable and cost-effective inv22 conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR detection methods were developed and validated. The newly developed inv22 detection methods overcome the disadvantages of the current inv22 detection methods and will allow for the wide-spread screening of haemophilia A patients and possible carriers for the inv22. In this study, the inv22 was found in only 29.41% of severe haemophilia A patients in our population, which was considerably lower than the globally reported 45%, however, this may be attributed to the relatively small sample size of the study.
Afrikaans: Agtergrond: Hemofilie A is ‘n oorerflike bloedingsiekte met ‘n insidensie van een in 5,000-10,000 mans wêreldwyd. Die siekte het ‘n groot impak op die pasiënte en hulle versorgers. Studies het bevestig dat hemofilie A ondergediagnoseer is in ontwikkelende lande soos Suid-Afrika, waar daar ‘n groot tekort aan genetiese studies in hierdie spesifieke veld is. Hemofilie A word veroorsaak deur mutasies in die FVIII geen en die int22 inversie (inv22) is die bekendste mutasie wat voorkom in pasiënte met erenstige hemofilie A (45%). Die huidige inv22 bepalingsmetodes het verskeie nadele. Die doel van hierdie studie was om nuwe metodes te ontwikkel wat die nadele van die huidige metodes kan oorkom, om sodoende alle moontlike pasiënte en moontlike draers te toets. Metodologie: Drie kontroles, insluitend een nie-hemofilie vrywilliger (C1) en twee nie-verwante inv22 bevestigde hemofilie pasiënte (C2 en C3) is gewerf. Die kontroles is gebruik om die I-PKR metode te evalueer en die inv22 konvensionele en werklike-tyd trutanskripsie PKR metodes te ontwikkel. Die PKR metodes se resultate is met Sanger volgorde-bepaling bevestig. Daar is ‘n verdere 60 deelnemers (insluitend 35 hemofilie pasiënte, 18 moontlike draers en sewe gesonde vrywilligers) vanuit sentraal Suid-Afrika gewerf. Die geoptimiseerde metodes is gebruik om die 60 deelnemers te toets vir die inv22 en weereens is die resultate met Sanger volgorde-bepaling bevestig. Die voorkoms van die inv22 in sentraal dele van Suid-Afrika is bepaal. Resultate en bespreking: Die inv22 I-PKR metode kon nie suksesvol geëvalueer word nie na verskeie probeerslae en nadat alle probleemoplossingsmaatreëls uitgeput is. Die onsuksesvolle evaluasie van die metode word toegeskryf daaraan dat die metode nie ingeboude kontrole stappe het nie en gevolglik kon probleemoplossingsmaatreëls nie slaag nie. Dit beklemtoon die behoefte aan ‘n ongekompliseerde inv22 metode. Die inv22 konvensionele en werklike-tyd trutranskripsie PKR metodes was suksesvol ontwikkel en geoptimiseer. Kontrole C1 is as inv22 negatief, en kontroles C2 en C3 is as inv22 positief, met Sanger volgorde-bepaling bevestig. Hierdie nuwe tegnieke elimineer van die nadele wat geassosieer word met die huidige inv22 bepalingsmetodes, veral verwysend na die kostes en die omkeertyd. Die twee nuwe inv22 bepaling metodes is gebruik om vir die inv22 te toets in die 60 studie deelnemers. Weereens is die inv22 resultate vir die 60 studie deelnemers bevestig met Sanger volgorde-bepaling. Die resultate van die nuwe inv22 metodes toon goeie korrelasie met die uitsondering van een resultaat. Gevolglik is die inv22 in 29.41% die van sentraal Suid-Afrikaanse hemofilie A populasie gevind. Gevolgtrekking: ‘n Bekostigbare, betroubare, akkurate en vinnige inv22 konvensionele trutranskripsie en werklike-tyd trutranskripsie PKR metode is in hierdie studie ontwikkel en gevalideer. Die nuut geontwikkelde inv22 bepalingmetodes elimineer van die nadele wat geassosieer word met die huidige inv22 bepalingmetodes en sal gevolglik lei tot die wyd-verspreide bepaling van die inv22 in hemofilie A pasiënte en moontlike draers. Die inv22 is in slegs 29.41% van die huidige erenstige hemofilie A populasie gevind, dit is heelwat laer as die beskryfde globale 45%, maar kan moontlik aan ons relatief lae studie populasiegrootte toegeskryf word.
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Haemophilia A, Factor VIII gene, Intron 22 inversion (Int22), Inv22 detection methods, Inv22 conventional RT-PCR detection, Inv22 real-time RT-PCR detection method, Dissertation (M.Med.Sc. (Haematology and Cell Biology))--University of the Free State, 2017
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