Mucoralean fungi present in soil from arid regions in South Africa

English: The aim of the first part of the study was to investigate the ecological niche of mucoralean fungi in arid soil, with specific reference to the position these fungi occupy in the biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen. Consequently, selected mucoralean taxa occurring frequently in soil habitats, including strains from culture collections, as well as isolates obtained from a soil sample from arid Upper Nama Karoo, were used to evaluate in vitro growth to determine nitrogen sources and aw tolerances. Nine mucoralean fungal genera including 18 species were examined for the ability to utilise a series of nitrogen containing compounds and to grow at an aw of 0.955 on solid media. The nitrogen concentration in the media was 0.1 g.r1 and the series of nitrogen containing compounds were ammonium chloride, asparagine, sodium glutamate, sodium nitrite and potassium nitrate. The genera were Actinomucor Schostak., Backusella Hesselt. & J.J. Ellis, Cunningha'fnella Matr., GongronelIa Ribaldi, MortierelIa Coem., Mucor Fresen., Rhizomucor Lucet & Costantin., Rhizopus Ehrenb. and Thamnostylum Arx & H. P. Upadhyay. Thirty-nine fungal strains obtained from culture collections (CBS, MUFS and PPRI), as well as 12 soil isolates from the Karoo, were tested. All the species and strains tested in this study were able to utilise asparagine and glutamate. Strains belonging to CunninghamelIa, Mucor racemosus Fresen., Rhizopus microsporus Tiegh. and Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.: Fr.) VuilI. were unable to utilise ammonium chloride. Strains of CunninghamelIa, MortierelIa, Rhizomucor, Rhizopus microsporus and Rhizopus stolonifer were unable to grow on nitrate as sole nitrogen source. Nitrite was found to be toxic to species belonging to CunninghamelIa, MortierelIa, Rhizomucor, Rhizopus and Thamnostylum. Members of GongronelIa, MortierelIa, Mucor racemosus, Rhizomucor and Thamnostylum were unable to grow at an a, of 0.955. The aim of the second part of the study was firstly to get an indication whether the mucoralean diversity of the Karoo, as observed in the first part of the study and in the records obtainable from literature, differs from data on mucoralean diversity from other arid regions. The latter included data from literature and what could be found in a soil sample taken from Kimberley Thorn Bushveld. Secondly, the aim was to test the isolates obtained from the Kimberley Thorn Bushveld soil sample in order to further explore the ability of mucoralean fungi to utilise the above mentioned series of nitrogen sources and to grow at an a, of 0.955. In addition, selected mucoralean taxa occurring frequently in soil habitats were tested for the ability to survive elevated temperatures in soil. It was found that the following species of the Mucorales may be encountered in the arid soil of the Karoo; Actinomucor elegans, CunninghamelIa echinulata, MortierelIa isabellina, Mucor circinelloides, Rhizomucor species, Rhizopus oryzae Went. Prins. Geerl. and Rhizopus stolonifer. Future surveys would reveal if genera like Absidia, GongronelIa and Zygorrhynchus, which have been isolated from arid regions, also occur in Karoo soil. Representatives of mucoralean taxa occurring in arid Karoo soil were able to utilise organic as well as inorganic oxidised nitrogen sources. However, at the concentration tested in this study, nitrite was found to be toxic to representatives of CunninghamelIa, Mortierell8, Rhizomucor and Rhizopus. Nitrate could not be utilised by CunninghamelIa, MortierelIa, Rhizomucor and Rhizopus stolonifer. Whether this inability to utilise inorganic nitrogen sources would prevail 'during oligotrophic growth in soil, remains a question to be addressed by future research. Representatives of the above mucoralean taxa occurring in arid soil were able to survive 55°C for 14 h in soil.