Advances in the systematics and ecology of African Corinnidae spiders (Arachnida: Araneae), with emphasis on the Castianeirinae

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Date
2012-01
Authors
Haddad, Charles Richard
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University of the Free State
Abstract
English: The Corinnidae is one of 76 families of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) presently recognised in the Afrotropical Region. By the end of the last century their taxonomy and systematics had been very poorly studied and no modern revisions existed on the group. At that time, 110 species in 22 genera were known from the region, making it a family with moderate species richness. The description of the new genus Hortipes Bosselaers & Ledoux, 1998 in the family Liocranidae signalled the start of modern systematics studies in that family, and following the transfer of Hortipes to the Corinnidae, of that family by default too. Since that time, 20 taxonomic papers have been published on the Afrotropical Corinnidae and 10 new genera (all endemic to the region) and 164 new species have been described, of which three species form part of the current study (Chapters 7 and 9). Several genera have also been transferred to or from the Corinnidae in those papers. Presently there are 35 genera and more than 270 species known from the region, with the Corinnidae now ranking eighth in species richness in the region. Most of the revisionary work so far has focused on the subfamilies Trachelinae and Phrurolithinae, while the Corinninae sensu lato and Castianeirinae have largely remained neglected. The broad aim of the current study was to focus on the systematics of the latter group, treat the taxonomy of each of the currently known genera, at least in part, and provide a basis for future work on the subfamily. As such, many of the smaller genera in the subfamily were revised in the Afrotropical Region and two new genera were described. The genus Apochinomma Pavesi, 1881, the only described genus of accurate antmimicking castianeirines from the region, is revised and separated into two species groups based on genitalic and abdominal morphology. The type species, A. formicaeforme Pavesi, 1881, is redescribed and three new species are described in the A. formicaeforme species group: A. malkini sp. nov., A. parva sp. nov. and A. tuberculata sp. nov.. Two new species, A. decepta sp. nov. and A. elongata sp. nov., are described in the A. decepta species group, although an additional species only known from juveniles can also be placed in the latter group. Members of the A. formicaeforme species mimic Polyrhachis ants and are mainly arboreal, while members of A. decepta species group are ground- or grass-dwelling and probably mimic ponerine ants. The genus Cambalida Simon, 1909 is revised and three species are transferred from Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 to Cambalida: C. deminuta (Simon, 1909) comb. nov., C. fulvipes (Simon, 1896) comb. nov. and C. loricifera (Simon, 1885) comb. nov.. An additional species is transferred from Brachyphaea Simon, 1895 to Cambalida: C. fagei (Caporiacco, 1939) comb. nov.. All of these species are redescribed, as is Cambalida coriacea Simon, 1909. Two species, Castianeira depygata Strand, 1916 syn. nov. and C. mestrali Lessert, 1921 syn. nov., are considered junior synonyms of C. fulvipes. The type material of the type species of the genus, C. insulana Simon, 1909 from Annobon Island, is lost, and only immature specimens have been subsequently collected from a nearby island. The species is regarded as a nomen dubium until fresh adult material can be collected. A replacement name, Cambalida simoni nom. nov., is proposed for Cambalida fulvipes Simon, 1909, the latter being a secondary junior homonym of Cambalida fulvipes (Simon, 1896) comb. nov.. The type material of C. simoni is also lost and it too is considered a nomen dubium. Five new species are described: C. compressa sp. nov., C. dippenaarae sp. nov., C. griswoldi sp. nov., C. lineata sp. nov. and C. unica sp. nov.. Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 is the largest genus in the Corinnidae with 131 described species, of which 22 are presently known from the Afrotropical Region. There is a very rich undescribed fauna known from the region, and the variable morphology of its component species would suggest it is polyphyletic and should be divided into several genera. For example, six species are misplaced and have been transferred to or synonymised with species in Cambalida or the new genus Copuetta gen. nov.. In the present study, five species are redescribed and illustrated for the first time based on the type material: C. delicatula Simon, 1909, C. formosula Simon, 1909, C. majungae Simon, 1896, C. phaeochroa Simon, 1909 and C. thomensis Simon, 1909. The female holotype of C. bicolor (Simon, 1890) lacks an abdomen and the species is considered a nomen dubium. The types of several Afrotropical species could not be traced as yet and the species should be redescribed, if possible, based on recently collected material from near their type localities. The ground-dwelling genus Copa Simon, 1885 is one of four genera in the Afrotropical Region that have cryptic colouration that bears a resemblance to that of wolf spiders (Lycosidae), hereafter referred to as cryptic lycosiform colouration. The type species of the genus, C. flavoplumosa Simon, 1885, is redescribed and proposed as a senior synonym of C. benina Strand, 1916 syn. nov. and C. benina nigra Lessert, 1933 syn. nov.. This is possibly the most widespread corinnid in the Afrotropical Region albeit that is has not yet been recorded from any of the islands. A new species, C. kei sp. nov., is described from South Africa. Copa agelenina Simon, 1910, originally described from a subadult female from southern Botswana, is considered a nomen dubium. Although the Madagascan fauna was not included in this revision, nearly 30 new species have been distinguished from museum collections, and once that fauna is revised it will provide an exceptional example of island radiation. In a revision of the Afrotropical species of the ant-mimicking genus Corinnomma Karsch, 1880, Apochinomma semiglabrum Simon, 1896 is redescribed from both sexes, and based on these descriptions it is transferred to Corinnomma as C. semiglabrum (Simon, 1896) comb. nov.. A new species, C. lawrencei sp. nov., is described from Mozambique, Tanzania and South Africa. The taxonomic status of C. olivaceum Simon, 1896 is discussed and the first illustrations of the female genitalic structures are presented. Since no fresh material of this species is available and the female holotype is badly faded, it is not thoroughly redescribed. An English translation of Simon’s (1896) Latin description of C. olivaceum is provided with the intention of more accurately describing the colouration of this species. The arboreal cryptic lycosiform castianeirine genus Echinax Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001, previously known only from South-East Asia, is recorded from the Afrotropical Region for the first time. Copa longespina Simon, 1909 is redescribed and the species is transferred to Echinax as E. longespina (Simon, 1909) comb. nov.. Six new species are described from both sexes: E. clara sp. nov., E. hesperis sp. nov., E. natalensis sp. nov., E. scharffi sp. nov., E. similis sp. nov. and E. spatulata sp. nov.. The genus Graptartia Simon, 1896, presently known only from Africa, is revised. The type species, G. granulosa Simon, 1896, is redescribed and the first genitalic sketches of the species are provided. Two new species, G. mutillica sp. nov. and G. tropicalis sp. nov., are described. Unique amongst African castianeirines, all species of Graptartia are mimics of wingless female velvet ants (Mutillidae). Although the genus Merenius Simon, 1909 is not revised, a single common species, Merenius alberti Lessert, 1923, is redescribed. The species was previously known only from South Africa, and is recorded for the first time from Mozambique, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. While most populations of M. alberti comprise the typical black morph of the species, a red morph is described for the first time here. As part of a field study to identify the potential models of the two colour morphs of M. alberti, spiders were collected by hand and ants by pitfall trapping in the Ndumo Game Reserve in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The ants assemblages sampled at 20 sites in the reserve seem to indicate that the black morph is a generalised mimic of black ground-dwelling ants, most likely Camponotus cinctellus (Gerstäcker, 1859), Streblognathus peetersi Robertson, 2002 and Polyrhachis gagates F. Smith, 1858, while the red morph is a mimic of Anoplolepis custodiens (F. Smith, 1858) ants. Lastly, the genus Messapus Simon, 1898, presently placed in the Castianeirinae, is reviewed. The type species, M. martini Simon, 1898, clearly represents two different species, one a corinnine (female lectotype) and the other a castianeirine (male paralectotype). The female is redescribed and the true male described for the first time. Based on the redescription, Messapus is transferred to the Corinninae. Corinna natalis Pocock, 1898 is misplaced and is transferred to Messapus as M. natalis (Pocock, 1898) comb. nov., while Messapus secundus Strand, 1907 is misplaced and transferred to Merenius as M. secundus (Strand, 1907) comb. nov.. A new cryptic lycosiform genus, Copuetta gen. nov., with the type species C. maputa sp. nov., is established to accommodate the castianeirine male paralectotype of M. martini, and its matching female is described for the first time. Castianeira kibonotensis Lessert, 1921 syn. nov. is considered a junior synonym of Copa lacustris Strand, 1916 and the species is redescribed and transferred to Copuetta gen. nov. as C. lacustris (Strand, 1916) comb. nov.. An additional eleven new species of Copuetta gen. nov. are described: C. comorica sp. nov., C. erecta sp. nov., C. kakamega sp. nov., C. kwamgumi sp. nov., C. lesnei sp. nov., C. litipo sp. nov., C. lotzi sp. nov., C. magna sp. nov., C. naja sp. nov., C. uzungwa sp. nov. and C. wagneri sp. nov.. A second new cryptic lycosiform genus, Wasaka gen. nov., is described for four new species from tropical Africa: W. imitatrix sp. nov., W. montana sp. nov., W. occulta sp. nov. (type species) and W. ventralis sp. nov.. A phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Castianeirinae from the Afrotropical Region was carried out. Forty-one ingroup taxa (Castianeirinae) were included, of which 39 were Afrotropical, one Australasian and one Brazilian. Outgroup taxa included three species of Trachelinae, one Phrurolithinae, two Corinninae and two Corinnidae incertae sedis, with Drassodes sesquidentatus Purcell, 1908 used to root the trees. Only species of Castianeirinae treated in this thesis and known from both sexes were included in the analysis. Analyses performed in Winclada, TNT and PAST all produced similar but very unsatisfactory results, with the outgroups grouping together with part of the Castianeirinae. Consequently, a second analysis was conducted with the exclusion of most of the outgroup taxa (except D. sesquidentatus and Corinninae). These results improved the resolution of the results considerably. but still did not resolve the placement of the Medmassa–Messapus clade within Castianeirinae; these genera can be considered to belong to Corinninae and should hypothetically have been placed outside the Castianeirinae clade. A single analysis produced in PAST produced the most parsimonious tree, with Medmassa–Messapus placed outside the Castianeirinae and each of the Afrotropical castianeirine genera as monophyletic. The results are inadequate to support any systematic changes in the Corinnidae, but future analyses need to include a more diverse range of castianeirine genera from outside the Afrotropical Region to better understand the relationships of the Afrotropical fauna. In the final chapter, the role of Castianeirinae as components of arthropod mimicry complexes is described for three species of ants, Anoplolepis custodiens (F. Smith, 1858), Polyrhachis gagates F. Smith, 1858 and Camponotus fulvopilosus (De Geer, 1778). There are respectively two out of 10, four out of six, and zero out of five species of Castianeirinae forming part of the arthropod complexes associated with these ants. All of these castianeirines are inaccurate (weak/ generalised) mimics of their models except for Apochinomma formicaeforme, which is an accurate (good/specialised) mimic of P. gagates. Colour polymorphism is also described for the first time in four species of Afrotropical Castianeirinae, i.e. Corinnomma semiglabrum, Merenius alberti, Castianeira cf. venustula (Pavesi, 1895) and Copa flavoplumosa. Three of these species are inaccurate mimics of ants, while C. flavoplumosa is a species with a widespread variant with cryptic lycosiform colouration and a nigrito form restricted mainly to tropical forests. High Castianeirinae biodiversity and endemism corresponds to most of the main Biodiversity Hotspots and Centres of Endemism (CE) in the Afrotropical Region: Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany CE (five endemics), Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands CE (>30 endemics), East African Afromontane Forests CE (four endemics), East African Coastal Forests CE (five endemics), Guinean Forests of West Africa CE (seven endemics) and the Horn of Africa CE (one endemic). No endemic castianeirines have been recorded in the Succulent Karoo and Cape Floristic Region CE’s in southern Africa, although this corinnid fauna of these two CE’s is largely dominated by Trachelinae, most of which are endemics.
Afrikaans: Die Corinnidae is een van 76 families spinnekoppe (Arachnida: Araneae) wat in die Afrotropiese streek voorkom. Teen die einde van die laaste eeu was hul taksonomie en sistematiek nog baie swak bestudeer, en geen moderne hersienings op die groep het bestaan nie. Toe was 110 spesies in 22 genera bekend vanaf die streek, wat dit ‘n familie met matige spesie rykheid gemaak het. Die beskrywing van die nuwe genus Hortipes Bosselaers & Ledoux, 1998 in die familie Liocranidae was die begin van modern taksonomiese werk op daardie familie, en met die oordrag van Hortipes na Corinnidae, van dié familie ook. Van daardie tyd af is 20 taksonomiese artikels oor die Afrotropiese Corinnidae gepubliseer en 10 nuwe genera (almal endemies tot die streek) en 164 nuwe spesies is al beskryf, waarvan drie spesies deel van die huidige studie uitmaak (Hoofstukke 7 en 9). Verskeie genera is ook vanaf óf na die Corinnidae oorgedra in van dié artikels. Huidig is daar 35 genera en meer as 270 spesies bekend vanaf die streek, met die Corinnidae tans die agtste mees spesie-ryke familie in die streek. Meeste van die onlangse taksonomiese studies het op die subfamilies Trachelinae en Phrurolithinae gefokus, met die Corinninae sensu lato en Castianeirinae wat heelwat minder aandag geniet het. Die hoofdoel van die huidige studie was om op die taksonomie en sistematiek van die laasgenoemde groep te fokus, om die taksonomie van elk van die genera ten minste gedeeltelik te hanteer, en om ‘n basis te skep vir toekomstige navorsing op die subfamilie. As sulks, is verskeie van die kleiner genera volledig hersien in die Afrotropiese streek en twee nuwe genera is beskryf. Die genus Apochinomma Pavesi, 1881 is die enigste genus van akkurate miernabootsende Castianeirinae in die streek. Dié genus is hersien en word in twee groepe verdeel op grond van hul genitaliese en abdominale morfologie. Die tipespesie, A. formicaeforme Pavesi, 1881, is herbeskryf en drie nuwe spesies is in die A. formicaeforme spesiegroep beskryf: A. malkini sp. nov., A. parva sp. nov. en A. tuberculata sp. nov.. Twee nuwe spesies, A. decepta sp. nov. en A. elongata sp. nov., is in die A. decepta spesiegroep beskryf, alhoewel ‘n derde spesie, wat slegs van onvolwassenes bekend is, waarskynlik ook aan hierdie groep hoort. Lede van die A. formicaeforme spesiegroep is nabootsers van Polyrhachis miere en is hoofsaaklik boomlewend, terwyl dié van die A. decepta spesiegroep hoofsaaklik grondlewend is en waarskynlik nabootsers van groot miere in die subfamilie Ponerinae is. Die genus Cambalida Simon, 1909 is hersien en drie spesies word oorgedra vanaf Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 na Cambalida: C. deminuta (Simon, 1909) comb. nov., C. fulvipes (Simon, 1896) comb. nov. en C. loricifera (Simon, 1885) comb. nov.. Nog ‘n spesie word oorgedra vanaf Brachyphaea Simon, 1895 na Cambalida: C. fagei (Caporiacco, 1939) comb. nov.. Twee spesies, Castianeira depygata Strand, 1916 syn. nov. en C. mestrali Lessert, 1921 syn. nov., word as junior sinonieme van C. fulvipes voorgestel. Die tipemateriaal van die tipespesie van die genus, C. insulana Simon, 1909 van Annobon eiland, kon nie opgespoor word nie, en slegs onvolwasse eksemplare was tot dusvêr vanaf ‘n nabygeleë eiland versamel. Dié spesie word as ‘n nomen dubium beskou totdat nuwe volwasse materiaal versamel kan word. ‘n Vervangingsnaam, Cambalida simoni nom. nov., word voorgestel vir Cambalida fulvipes Simon, 1909, wat ‘n sekondêre junior homoniem van Cambalida fulvipes (Simon, 1896) comb. nov. is. Die tipemateriaal van C. simoni kon ook nie opgespoor word nie en dié spesie word ook as ‘n nomen dubium voorgestel. Vyf nuwe spesies word beskryf: C. compressa sp. nov., C. dippenaarae sp. nov., C. griswoldi sp. nov., C. lineata sp. nov. en C. unica sp. nov.. Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 is die grootste genus in die Corinnidae met 131 beskryfde spesies, waarvan 22 vanaf die Afrotropiese streek afkomstig is. Daar is ‘n baie ryk onbeskryfde fauna vanaf die streek, en die wisselende morfologie van die spesies dui aan dat die genus polifileties is en in ‘n aantal genera verdeel moet word. Byvoorbeeld, ses spesies is al gevind om sinonieme te wees van lede van die genus Cambalida of die nuwe genus Copuetta gen. nov., of word na daardie genera oorgeplaas. In die huidige studie word vyf spesies herbeskryf en vir die eerste keer geillustreer gebaseer op die tipemateriaal: C. delicatula Simon, 1909, C. formosula Simon, 1909, C. majungae Simon, 1896, C. phaeochroa Simon, 1909 en C. thomensis Simon, 1909. Die wyfie holotipe van C. bicolor (Simon, 1890) het nie ‘n abdomen nie en die spesie word as ‘n nomen dubium voorgestel. Die tipemateriaal van verskeie Afrotropiese spesies kon tot dusvêr nie opgespoor word nie, en dié spesies moet in die toekoms herbeskryf word vanaf materiaal wat naby aan die tipelokaliteite versamel is, indien moontlik. Die grondlewende genus Copa Simon, 1885 is een van vier genera in die Afrotropiese streek wat kriptiese kleur het wat baie ooreenstem met dié van wolfspinnekoppe (Lycosidae), wat hierna kriptiese lycosiform kleur genoem word. Die tipespesie van die genus, C. flavoplumosa Simon, 1885, word herbeskryf en voorgestel as ‘n senior sinoniem van C. benina Strand, 1916 syn. nov. en C. benina nigra Lessert, 1933 syn. nov.. Hierdie is waarskynlik die mees wydverspreide spesie van Afrotropiese Corinnidae, maar is nog nie op xv enige van die eilande in die streek versamel nie. ‘n Nuwe spesie, C. kei sp. nov., word vanaf Suid-Afrika beskryf. Copa agelenina Simon, 1910, wat vanaf ‘n onvolwasse wyfie wat in Botswana versamel is, beskryf is, word as ‘n nomen dubium voorgestel. Alhoewel die Malagassiese fauna nie in die huidige hersiening ingesluit is nie, is daar al amper 30 nuwe spesies onderskei in museum versamelings. Sodra daardie fauna deeglik hersien word, sal dit as ‘n wonderlike voorbeeld van eiland radiasie dien. In ‘n hersiening van die onakkurate miernabootsers van die genus Corinnomma Karsch, 1880 in die Afrotropiese streek, is Apochinomma semiglabrum Simon, 1896 herbeskryf van albei geslagte, en gebaseer op die herbeskrywings word dit oorgedra na Corinnomma as C. semiglabrum (Simon, 1896) comb. nov.. ‘n Nuwe spesie, C. lawrencei sp. nov., word vanaf Mosambiek, Tanzanië en Suid-Afrika beskryf. Die taksonomiese status van C. olivaceum Simon, 1896 is bespreek, die eerste illustrasies van die wyfie se genitalia word ingesluit. Aangesien geen vars materiaal van dié spesie beskikbaar is nie en die holotype erg verbleik is, word die spesie nie deeglik herbeskryf nie. ‘n Engelse vertaling van Simon (1896) se oorspronklike beskrywing word gegee, aangesien dit meer akkuraat die kleur van die spesie weergee. Die boomlewende kriptiese lycosiform genus Echinax Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001, voorheen slegs bekend van Suid-Oos Asië, word vir die eerste keer in Afrika aangeteken. Copa longespina Simon, 1909 word herbeskryf en oorgeplaas na Echinax as E. longespina (Simon, 1909) comb. nov.. Ses nuwe spesies word van albei geslagte beskryf: E. clara sp. nov., E. hesperis sp. nov., E. natalensis sp. nov., E. scharffi sp. nov., E. similis sp. nov. en E. spatulata sp. nov.. Die genus Graptartia Simon, 1896, slegs vanaf Afrika bekend, word hersien. Die tipespesie, G. granulosa Simon, 1896, word herbeskryf en genitaliese sketse van die spesie word vir die eerste keer verskaf. Twee nuwe spesies, G. mutillica sp. nov. en G. tropicalis sp. nov., word beskryf. Uniek onder Afrikaanse Castianeirinae, is dat alle spesies van Graptartia nabootsers van vlerklose wyfies van fluweelmiere (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) is. Alhoewel die genus Merenius Simon, 1909 nie hersien word nie, word ‘n enkele algemene spesie, Merenius alberti Lessert, 1923, herbeskryf. Dié spesie was voorheen slegs van Suid-Afrika bekend, en word vir die eerste keer vanaf Mosambiek, Swaziland en Zimbabwe aangeteken. Terwyl meeste bevolkings van M. alberti die tipiese swart kleurvorm is, word ‘n tweede kleur variasie (rooi) vir die eerste keer hier aangeteken. As deel van ‘n veldstudie om die potensiële mier nabootsingmodelle van die twee kleurvariasies te identifiseer, is spinnekoppe met handversameling en miere met putvalle in die Ndumo Wildreservaat in noord KwaZulu-Natal, Suid-Afrika versamel. Die miergemeenskappe wat versamel is dui aan dat die swart variasie ‘n algemene nabootser is van swart grondlewende miere soos Camponotus cinctellus (Gerstäcker, 1859), Streblognathus peetersi Robertson, 2002 en Polyrhachis gagates F. Smith, 1858, terwyl die rooi variasie met Anoplolepis custodiens (F. Smith, 1858) miere geassosieer is. Laastens is die genus Messapus Simon, 1898, wat tans in die Castianeirinae geklassifiseer is, hersien. Die tipespesie, M. martini Simon, 1898, verteenwoordig duidelik twee verskillende spesies, een wat hoort aan Corinninae (wyfie lektotipe) en die ander ‘n Castianeirinae (mannetjie paralektotipe). Die wyfie word herbeskryf en die ware mannetjie vir die eerste keer beskryf. Gebaseer op die herbeskrywing word Messapus na die Corinninae oorgeplaas. Corinna natalis Pocock, 1898 is verkeerd is dié genus geplaas en word na Messapus as M. natalis (Pocock, 1898) comb. nov. oorgeplaas, terwyl Messapus secundus Strand, 1907 ook verkeerd in dié genus geplaas is en na Merenius as M. secundus (Strand, 1907) comb. nov. oorgedra word. ‘n Nuwe kriptiese lycosiform genus, Copuetta gen. nov., met die tipespesie C. maputa sp. nov., word vir die mannetjie paralektotipe van M. martini beskryf, wat aan die Castianeirinae hoort, en sy ware wyfie word vir die eerste keer beskryf. Castianeira kibonotensis Lessert, 1921 syn. nov. word as ‘n junior sinoniem van Copa lacustris Strand, 1916 voorgestel, en die spesie word herbeskryf en na Copuetta gen. nov. as C. lacustris (Strand, 1916) comb. nov. oorgeplaas. Nog elf nuwe spesies van Copuetta gen. nov. word beskryf: C. comorica sp. nov., C. erecta sp. nov., C. kakamega sp. nov., C. kwamgumi sp. nov., C. lesnei sp. nov., C. litipo sp. nov., C. lotzi sp. nov., C. magna sp. nov., C. naja sp. nov., C. uzungwa sp. nov. en C. wagneri sp. nov.. ‘n Tweede nuwe kriptiese lycosiform genus, Wasaka gen. nov., word vir vier nuwe spesies vanaf tropiese Afrika beskryf: W. imitatrix sp. nov., W. montana sp. nov., W. occulta sp. nov. (tipe spesie) en W. ventralis sp. nov.. ‘n Kladistiese analiese word op die subfamilie Castianeirinae van die Afrotropiese streek uitgevoer. Een-en-veertig binnegroep spesies (Castianeirinae) was ingesluit, waarvan 39 van die Afrotropiese streek was, en een elk van Australië en Brasilië. Buitegroep spesies het drie lede van Trachelinae, een van Phrurolithinae, twee van Corinninae en twee Corinnidae incertae sedis ingesluit. Drassodes sesquidentatus Purcell, 1908 is as ankerspesie om die bome te produseer gebruik. Slegs spesies vanuit hierdie tesis wat van albei geslagte (her)beskryf is was in die analiese ingesluit. Die analieses wat in TNT, Winclada en PAST gedoen is het almal soortgelyke resultate geproduseer, wat onaanvaarbaar was, met baie van die buitegroepe wat saam met deel van die Castianeirinae ‘n groep gevorm het. As gevolg daarvan, is ‘n tweede stel analises gedoen met die uitsluiting van meeste van die buitegroep spesies (behalwe D. sesquidentatus en Corinninae). Dit het die resolusie van die resultate baie verbeter, maar kon nie die plasing van die Messapus-Medmassa groep oplos nie. Hierdie genera was hipoteties lede van Corinninae en moes buite die Castianeirinae voorkom. ‘n Enkele analiese in PAST het die mees parsimoniese boom geproduseer, met Messapus- Medmassa buite die Castianeirinae en elk van die Castianeirinae genera monofileties. Die resultate van hierdie studie is onvoldoende om enige veranderings in die Corinnidae te ondersteun, maar toekomstige analieses moet ‘n wyer reeks genera van ander streke insluit om die verwantskappe met Afrotropiese spesies beter te verstaan. In die laaste hoofstuk word die rol van Castianeirinae as deel van mier nabootskomplekse vir drie mierspesies beskryf, Anoplolepis custodiens (F. Smith, 1858), Polyrhachis gagates F. Smith, 1858 en Camponotus fulvopilosus (De Geer, 1778). Daar is onderskeidelik twee uit 10, vier uit ses en nul uit vyf spesies Castianeirinae wat deel uitmaak van die Arthropoda komplekse wat met die drie mierspesies geassosieer is. Al die Castianeirinae kan as onakkurate (swak/algemene) nabootsers beskou word, behalwe vir Apochinomma formicaeforme, wat ‘n akkurate (goeie/gespesialiseerde) nabootser van Polyrhachis miere is. Kleur polimorfisme word ook vir die eerste keer in vier spesies Afrotropiese Castianeirinae beskryf: Corinnomma semiglabrum, Merenius alberti, Castianeira cf. venustula (Pavesi, 1895) en Copa flavoplumosa. Drie van hierdie spesies in onakkurate nabootsers van miere, terwyl C. flavoplumosa ‘n wydver-spreide kriptiese lycosiform variasie het en ‘n swart variasie wat grootliks tot woude beperk is. Hoë Castianeirinae biodiversiteit en endemisiteit korrespondeer met meeste van die Biodiversiteits-brandpunte en Sentrums van Endemisme (SE) in die Afrotropiese streek: Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany SE (vyf endemies), Malagassiese en Indiese Oseaan Eilande SE (>30 endemies), Oos-Afrikaanse Afromontaan Woude SE (vier endemies), Oos- Afrikaanse Kuswoude SE (vyf endemies), Guineaanse Woude van Wes-Afrika SE (sewe endemies) and the Horing van Afrika SE (een endemies). Geen endemiese Castianeirinae is in die Sukkulente Karoo of Kaapse Floristiese Streek SE waargeneem nie, maar hier word Castianeirinae hoofsaaklik deur Trachelinae vervang, waarvan meeste spesies endemies is.
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Thesis (Ph.D. (Zoology and Entomology))--University of the Free State, 2012, Corinnidae Ecologc Tropics, Corinnidae Tropics Classification, Arachnida Tropics Classification, Spiders Tropics Classification
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