A metagenomic investigation of phage communities from South African deep mines

Loading...
Thumbnail Image
Date
2009-11
Authors
Mabizela, Nobalanda
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract
English: Bacteriophages are viruses that infect both bacteria and archaea, and they are the most abundant microbial communities in the ecosystem. Phages have unique applications as they have the ability to control the mortality rate of the hosts, and they are also useful in molecular biology techniques as a many enzymes that are utilized in this field have a phage origin. Though phages are the most abundant they still the most unexplored, especially from the environment. This is due to the fact that approximately 99% of their bacterial hosts cannot be cultured using the standard techniques and phages require these hosts for propagation and replication. Development of culture-independent techniques has managed to circumvent problems associated with prokaryotic diversity studies by using the 16S rDNA sequencing. Viruses however do not have a common gene or sequence fragment that can be used for phylogeny. Development of the phage proteomic tree has facilitated PCR detection of different families or clades of unculturable phages. In this study tailed phages (T4-like phages and T7-like podoviruses) were targeted because of their abundance in the environment. The major capsid protein (g23) and DNA polymerase fragment were used to detect T4-like phages and T7-like podoviruses, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy was also used to study and determine morphology of phages, though the technique does not give a true reflection of the number of viral like particles from the environment. The methods were first optimized with water and sediments from Loch Logan pond where phage counts were expected to be high. These methods were used preliminarily as a way to check the presence of phages in the samples. Water samples collected from four South African mines, Masimong, Beatrix, Star Diamonds and Tau Tona (level 100 and level 118) were also subjected to these two techniques. Phage particles were only observed with Beatrix mine when using transmission electron microscopy. The samples were further characterized as the TEM requires high viral counts. Uncultured T7- like podoviruses were detected with all mine samples indicating the presence of these groups of phages from the mines, and the T4-like phages only in Beatrix and Tau Tona. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the DNA polymerase fragment from the T7-like phages is highly conserved. The sequences were similar to the clones obtained with marine, water and soil samples from different locations. In contrast to the T7 phages the T4-like phages were highly diverse with very few clones showing similarity to the known capsid protein. The main focus of the project however was the genomic analysis of viral communities from deep mines and also to identify novel phage proteins that might have biotechnological applications. Hence shotgun libraries were also constructed to get genomic information of the viral assemblages from the mines. Sequencing revealed untapped viral communities with the majority of the clones showing no similarity to the known proteins. Very few phage proteins were obtained and the data was not enough to identify many the novel genes from the phage communities. This is due to the fact that only 20 clones from each mine were sequenced. Therefore the use of high throughput sequencing technique was necessary to obtain large amount of sequencing data. Biofilm from Beatrix mine was selected for pyrosequencing and 2X quarter runs of the GS FLX were done using isolated viral DNA. The viral communities from Beatrix mine were unique with -75% of the proteins not showing similarity to any known proteins. Microbial analysis of Beatrix mine revealed that most the diversity from this mine is clustered within the classes Beta and Gamma Proteobacteria and the phyla Firmicutes. Hence the portion of the known phages were all three families of dsDNA phages infecting Enterobacteria phages and few of the phage proteins were from different Bacillus sp. Proteins from Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus were also detected from Beatrix mine. Seven prophages were detected with possible genome sizes ranging from 5 kb to more than 12 kb. These prophages contained high number of hypothetical proteins. Novel proteins were identified from the Beatrix mine sequencing and three proteins; DNA ligase, SegB homing endonuclease and polynucleotide kinase were selected for expression studies. The ATP-dependent DNA ligase was able to ligate sticky ends at temperatures 4°C, 16°C and 22 °C. The enzyme also ligated sticky ends at temperatures as high as 70°C. Blunt end fragments were also ligated in presence of polyethylene glycol. The expressed polynucleotide kinase had the following substitutions; D351, R38D and R126E, and R176N, no activity could be detected, possibly a result of the substitutions. The endonuclease digested lambda DNA, and early indications are that that the endonuclease recognizes a specific sequence and does not cut randomly. The overall results shows that uncultured phage communities, including South African phage metagenome are the largest untapped source of genomic information in the biosphere. In addition they are the source of novel biotechnologically important proteins.
Afrikaans: Bakteriofage is virusse wat bakterieë en archaea infekteer en hulle verteenwoordig die volopste entiteit in die ekosisteem. Fage het unieke toepassings en hulle beskik oor die vermoë om die mortaliteitstempo van gasheerbevolkings te beheer. Die toepassing van fage en hulle ensieme in molekulêre biologie tegnieke is lank reeds gevestig. AI is fage die volopste in die natuur, is hulle ook die mees onontginde, hoofsaaklik omdat hulle bakteriese gashere onbekend is en ongeveer 99% van alle bakterie nie in kultuur gekweek kan word nie. Kultuur-onafhanklike tegnieke verskaf nou die moontlikheid om hierdie beperkings aan te spreek, soos in die geval van die gebruik van 16S rDNA basisopeenvolgings om bakteriese diversiteit te bestudeer. Virusse beskik egter nie oor 'n algemeen gekonserveerde geen wat vir die doeleindes gebruik kan word nie. Die ontwikkeling van die faag proteoom boom het gene geïdentifiseer wat gebruik kan word om seker faag families waar te neem. In hierdie studie is fage met sterte (T4-agtige en T7-agtige podofage) ondersoek omdat hulle die volopste in die natuur is. Die hoof kapsiedproteïen (g23) en 'n DNA polimerase fragment is vir die T4-agtige en T7-agtige fage, onderskeidelik gebruik. Transmissie elektronmikroskopie is ook toegepas om die morfologie van die virusse te ondersoek; die tegniek verskaf ongelukkig nie betroubare kwantitatiewe data nie. Metodes is geoptimaliseer met water en sediment van Loch Logan waar faagtellings waarskynlik hoog sou wees. Watermonsters van vier Suid-Afrikaanse myne, Masimong, Beatrix, Star Diamonds en Tau Tona (vlak 100 en vlak 118) is ook bestudeer. Faagpartikels is in Beatrix water waargeneem met transmissie elektronmikroskopie. Ongekweekte T7-agtige podofage is in al die myne waargeneem maar T4-agtige fage net in Beatrix en Tau Tona. Filogenetiese analise het getoon dat die T7-agtige fage hoogs gekonserveerd en byna identies aan die van oseaan, varswater en grondmonsters is. Die T4-agtige fage is daarenteen hoogs divers, baie min klone het ooreenkoms met die bekende kapsiedproteïene getoon. Die hoof fokus van die projek was egter om 'n ontleding van die virusgemeenskappe in die diep myne op genoomvlak te doen en om nuwe faagproteïene op te spoor wat moontlik nuwe toepassings in biotegnologie kan hê. Genoom biblioteke is daarom saamgestelom verdere inligting oor die virusbevolking in te win. DNA basisopeenvolgingdata het aangedui dat die meeste klone geen ooreenkoms met bekende volgordes getoon het nie. Die data was ook onvoldoende om beduidende hoeveelhede nuwe gene waar te neem. Dit het die gebruik van hoë deurvloei tegnologie genoodsaak. Phi 29 geamplifiseerde faag DNA uit biofilm van Beatrixmyn is onderwerp aan volgordebepaling met GS FLX tegnologie. Data is saamgestel en aan die annoteringstelsel van TIGR onderwerp. Die faagbevolkings uit Beatrixmyn is klaarblyklik uniek omdat ongeveer 75% van die proteïene geen ooreenkoms met enige bekendes in databasisse getoon het nie. Mikrobiese analise van die Beatrix mynwater het aangedui dat die meeste divetsiteit in die myn saamgroepeer met die klasse Beta en Gamma Proteobakterië en die filum Firmicutes. Die bekende komponente van die fag bevolking was dus van al drie families dsDNA fage wat Enterobakterië infekteer. AI drie families dsDNA virusse is waargeneem, maar die meeste was van Enterobacteria fage. Proteïene van Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus is ook waargeneem. Sewe profaag opeenvolgings is waargeneem met groottes wat wissel tussen 5kb en 12kb, elk het 'n groot aantal hipotetiese proteïen bevat. Nuwe proteïene is in die Beatrixmyn monster waargeneem. Drie proteïene, 'n DNA ligase, SegB homing endonukease en polinukleotied kinase is geselekteer vir uitdrukkingstudies. Die ATPafhanklike DNA ligase kon klewerige punte by 4°C, 16°C en 22°C ligeer. Die ensiem kon ook klewerige punte by 'n temperatuur van 70 oe ligeer. Stomp punt ligering kon in die teenwoordigheid van poli-etileenglikol plaasvind. Die polinukleotied kinase het die volgende substitusies in aminosuurvolgorde getoon; 0351, R38D, R126E en R176N. Die substitusies kon moontlik verklaar waarom die ensiem nie in aktiewe vorm uitgedruk kon word nie. Die endonuklease kon lambda DNA hidroliseer en vroeë aanduidings is dat die ensiem spesifieke basisopeenvolgings herken. Die ondersoek bevestig dat faag gemeenskappe 'n groot onontginde bron van genetiese materiaal in die biosfeer verteenwoordig en dat dit as uitstekende bron van nuwe, biotegnologies belangrike proteïene kan dien.
Description
Keywords
Viruses, Genomics, Mines and mining -- South Africa, Thesis (Ph.D. (Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology))--University of the Free State, 2009
Citation