Die toepasbaarheid van kurrikulum 2005 as 'n uitkomsgerigte onderwysmodel in Vrystaatse primêre skole: 'n kurrikulumteoretiese perspektief

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Date
2000-01
Authors
Van Tonder, Stephanus Petrus
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Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract
English: The introduction of Curriculum 2005 as an outcomes-based education model for compulsory school education in South Africa by the former national Minister of Education on 24 March 1997 was characterised by a violent reaction in the news media. South African critics immediately made use of international critique against outcomes-based education to strengthen their case against the implementation of Curriculum 2005. This unease regarding Curriculum 2005 and the fact that the decision to implement the curriculum was made before any research concerning its feasibility in South African schools or any pilot projects had been launched, naturally contributed to this reaction by critics. In the light of these circumstances the decision was taken to undertake such a feasibility study. With a view to this an effort was firstly made to establish a curriculum theoretical perspective regarding Curriculum 2005 as an outcomesbased education model by means of a literature study. In the second place a qualitative research study as regard the problems concerning the implementation of Curriculum 2005 in Free State primary schools was undertaken. The literature study which was undertaken, concentrates on the following aspects: • An investigation into curriculum theory, the field of Curriculum Studies and the process of curriculum development. • Realities and initiatives with regard to Curriculum 2005 as an outcomes-based education model for compulsory school education in South African schools. a The foundations, problems, ideals and implications of outcomes-based education in general. .. The extent to which Curriculum 2005 and outcomes-based education in general can be accounted for by means of a curriculum theoretical perspective. The introduction to curriculum theory supplies a perspective regarding the term curriculum, the field and the most important foundations of Curriculum Studies, the functions of curriculum theory and the relation between curriculum theory and practice. This introduction also provides the basis for a literature study concerning the process of curriculum development. As far as curriculum development is concerned, existing models, approaches and principles in this regard are identified and investigated. The components of the process of curriculum development, namely curriculum design, the dissemination of information, the implementation and evaluation of a curriculum ultimately serve as the framework according to which the process is investigated further. As far as each of the above-mentioned components is concerned, existing models, perspectives and principles are once again identified and investigated. As far as curriculum design is concerned, a situation analysis, the formulation of aims, the selection and ordering of learning content and learning opportunities, as well as the assessment of learners are named as components and these furthermore serve as a framework for an investigation into the process of curriculum design. Before a curriculum theoretical perspective as regards Curriculum 2005 is possible, it is, however, necessary to take a closer look at the new curriculum and the related National Qualifications Framework (NQF). With a view to this, an investigation is undertaken concerning the structure, components, characteristics and principles with regard to the above-mentioned two entities, while reference is repeatedly made to curriculum theoretical aspects which were addressed previously. However, since Curriculum 2005 is an outcomes-based education model, outcomes-based education in general is subsequently investigated by referring to its origin, characteristics, predecessors and key elements. Eventually these key elements are reorganised to fit into the above-mentioned framework for curriculum development (which includes curriculum design). In this way it is therefore possible to investigate and evaluate outcomes-based education in general and, more specifically, Curriculum 2005 in order to determine to which extent is can be accounted for curriculum theoretically. By means of 64 open to semi-structured interviews with 78 stakeholders - which included teachers for the foundation phase, principals, vice-principals, senior teaching officials, learning facilitators, lecturers, researchers, consultants and officials of non-government organisations and teachers' unions - 24 problems areas and nine areas of success with regard to the implementation of Curriculum 2005 in Grade 1 classes during 1998 were identified. Subsequently these research results are interpreted in an inductive manner together with the results of the literature study. This takes place by also closely considering the prerequisites for the successful implementation of Curriculum 2005 which had been identified by means of the above-mentioned preceding literature study and expressed in the form of four widely formulated research questions. Based on this interpretation the final conclusion is eventually reached, namely that Curriculum 2005 as an outcomes-based education model in Free State primary schools shows limited feasibility. This limited feasibility can, however, be improved by taking into account a number of negative factors and by purposefully addressing them. Thereafter a number of recommendations as regards the design, dissemination, implementation and evaluation of Curriculum 2005 are made. These recommendations are directed at policy-makers and decision-makers at national, provincial and school level, as well as at those involved with the initial training of teachers and those involved with organisations which render services in the Free State.
Afrikaans: Die bekendstelling van Kurrikulum 2005 as 'n uitkomsgerigte onderwysmodel vir verpligte skoolonderwys in Suid-Afrika deur die voormalige nasionale Minister van Onderwys op 24 Maart 1997 is g'ekenmerk deur 'n heftige reaksie in die nuusmedia. Suid-Afrikaanse kritici het onmiddellik van internasionale kritiek teen uitkomsgerigte onderwys gebruik gemaak om hul saak teen die implementering van Kurrikulum 2005 te versterk. Hierdie ongemaklikheid met Kurrikulum 2005 en die feit dat die besluit om die kurrikulum te implementeer, gemaak is nog voordat enige navorsing aangaande die toepasbaarheid daarvan of enige loodsprojekte van stapel gestuur is, het uiteraard bygedra tot hierdie reaksie van genoemde kritici. In die lig van hierdie omstandighede is daar besluit om só 'n toepasbaarheidstudie te onderneem. Vir hierdie doel is daar eerstens gepoog om deur middel van 'n literatuurstudie 'n kurrikulumteoretiese perspektief op Kurrikulum 2005 as 'n uitkomsgerigte onderwysmodel daar te stel en is 'n kwalitatiewe navorsingstudie in verband met die problematiek rondom die implementering van Kurrikulum 2005 in Vrystaatse primêre skole tweedens onderneem. Die literatuurstudie wat onderneem is, konsentreer op die volgende aspekte: 'n Ondersoek na kurrikulumteorie, die veld van Kurrikulumstudies en die proses van kurrikulumontwikkeling. Realiteite en inisiatiewe rondom Kurrikulum 2005 as 'n uitkomsgerigte onderwysmodel vir verpligte skoolonderwys in Suid-Afrikaanse skole. Die grondslae, problematiek, ideale en implikasies van uitkomsgerigte onderwys in die algemeen. Die mate waarin Kurrikulum 2005 en uitkomsgerigte onderwys in die algemeen deur middel van 'n kurrikulumteoretiese perspektief verantwoord kan word. Die inleiding tot kurrikulumteorie verskaf 'n perspektief op die term kurrikulum, die veld en die belangrikste grondslae van Kurrikulumstudies, die funksies van kurrikulumteorie en die verband tussen kurrikulumteorie en die praktyk. Hierdie inleiding verskaf dan ook die basis vir 'n literatuurstudie rakende die proses van kurrikulumontwikkeling. Wat kurrikulumontwikkeling betref, word bestaande modelle, benaderings en beginsels in hierdie verband geïdentifiseer kurrikulumontwerp, die disseminasie van inligting, die implementering en die evaluering van 'n kurrikulum - dien uiteindelik as die raamwerk waarvolgens die proses verder ondersoek word. Wat elk van die voorgenoemde komponente betref, word bestaande modelle, perspektiewe en beginsels weereens geïdentifiseer en ondersoek. Wat kurrikulumontwerp betref, word 'n situasie-analise, doelformulering, die seleksie en ordening van leerinhoude en leergeleenthede en die assessering van leerders as komponente benoem en dien dit voorts as 'n raamwerk vir 'n ondersoek na die proses van kurrikulumontwerp. Voordat 'n kurrikulumteoretiese perspektief op Kurrikuum 2005 moontlik is, is dit egter nodig om die nuwe kurrikulum en die verbandhoudende Nasionale Kwalifikasieraamwerk (NKR) eers van naderby te beskou. Vir hierdie doel word die struktuur, komponente, kenmerke en beginsels in verband met voorgenoemde twee entiteite in diepte ondersoek terwyl daar telkens na kurrikulumteoretiese aspekte wat voorheen aangespreek is, verwys word. Aangesien Kurrikulum 2005 egter 'n uitkomsgerigte onderwysmodel is, word uitkomsgerigte onderwys in die algemeen vervolgens ondersoek deur na die oorsprong, kenmerke, voorlopers en sleutelelemente daarvan te verwys. Uiteindelik word hierdie sleutelelemente geherorganiseer om in voorgenoemde raamwerk vir kurrikulumontwikkeling (wat kurrikulumontwerp insluit) in te pas. Op hierdie wyse is dit dus moontlik om uitkomsgerigte onderwys in die algemeen, en Kurrikulum 2005 in die besonder, kurrikulumteoreties te ondersoek en te evalueer ten einde te bepaal in watter mate dit kurrikulumteoreties verantwoord kan word. Deur middel van 64 oopeinde- tot semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude met 78 belanghebbende persone - wat onderwyseresse vir die grondslagfase, skoolhoofde, adjunkhoofde, senior onderwysamptenare, leerfasiliteerders, dosente, navorsers, konsultante en amptenare van nieregeringsorganisasies en onderwysersunies insluit - is 24 probleemareas en nege suksesareas in verband met die implementering van Kurrikulum 2005 in Graad 1-klasse gedurende 1998 geïdentifiseer. Hierdie navorsingsresulate word dan vervolgens, in samehang met die voorvereistes vir die suksesvolle implementering van Kurrikulum 2005 wat deur middel van die voorafgaande literatuurstudie onderneem is en in die vorm van vier wyd geformuleerde navorsingsvrae uitgedruk is, op 'n induktiewe wyse in samehang met die resultate van die literatuurstudie geïnterpreteer. Op grond van hierdie interpretasie word die finale gevolgtrekking uiteindelik gemaak dat Kurrikulum 2005 as 'n uitkomsgerigte onderwysmodel in Vrystaatse primêre skole slegs 'n beperkte toepasbaarheid toon, maar dat hierdie beperkte toepasbaarheid kan verbeter deur 'n aantal negatiewe faktore te verreken en doelgerig aan te spreek. 'n Aantal aanbevelings in verband met die ontwerp, implementering en evaluering van Kurrikulum 2005 word vervolgens gemaak. Hierdie aanbevelings is gerig op beleidmakers en besluitnemers op nasionale, provinsiale en skoolvlak, asook diegene betrokke by die aanvanklike opleiding van onderwysers en diegene verbonde aan diensleweringsorganisasies in die Vrystaat.
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Keywords
Curriculum, Development, Design, Feasibility, Implementation, Evaluation, Curriculum 2005, Outcomes-based education (OBE), Free State, General education and training, Primary education, Education change -- South Africa -- Free State, Competency-based education -- South Africa -- Free State, Educational planning, Thesis (Ph.D. (Didactics))--University of the Free State, 2000
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