The development of an Integrated Communication (IC) audit framework for a decentralized business enterprise

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Date
2016
Authors
Van Baalen, Annette
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Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract
English: Integrated Communication (IC) seems the ideal solution to engage in meaningful conversation with various stakeholder groups. Through the implementation of this strategy, companies can use two-way communication to ensure that the demands and expectations that both internal and external stakeholders have towards the company are met. This approach to stakeholder communication also increases stakeholder loyalty, as all the actions of the company are integrated to create a holistic view of the core values that differentiate the company from competitors. Unfortunately, the implementation of IC poses a great challenge to companies. Amongst these challenges are issues such as the complex structure of communication channels available to communicate with stakeholders and the lack of the necessary soft skills to engage in meaningful conversation with the identified stakeholders. This has left companies to perceive IC as an unreachable ideal. Over and above the mentioned challenges, one of the biggest is that no instrument is available that enables a company to determine whether the efforts made to pursue IC have reached full potential. Without a proper evaluation tool that encapsulates the essence of IC, companies will continue to get a distorted perception of what IC offers and might never discover its true potential. To provide a possible solution to the identified problem, five research questions were developed. The first research question was set from a conceptual perspective and was based on determining the basic constructs of IC to further an understanding of the essence of this approach. This was followed by the meta-analytical research question that emphasises the operational dimensions companies need to include in an instrument to evaluate IC efforts. Furthermore, a theoretical research question explored the possibility of existing models and theories that might support the development of an IC audit framework. Finally, a question developed from a normative research perception enabled the researcher to explore the ideal manner through which the feasibility of an evaluation instrument for IC could be implemented. These questions all culminated in the main research question to address the possibility of a company being able to determine whether all communication efforts are integrated. Based on the research questions, a primary objective and three secondary objectives were identified. The primary objective for this study was to develop an IC audit framework that companies can use to determine whether its communication efforts are truly integrated. This aim gave rise to three secondary objectives, which were addressed through three separate research phases. The first secondary research objective focused on determining the scope of IC through the analysis of the conceptual foundation that shapes the concept. This was done by means of a conceptual analysis of IC and it formed the first phase of the research. By using the data provided through the conceptual analysis, the scope of IC was developed, which not only included the domains in which IC should be implemented, but also highlighted constructs such as characteristics, drivers and rules that needed to be addressed during implementation. With this scope, the researcher was able to gain a clear understanding of the main concerns of implementing IC. During the second phase of the research, the data from the conceptual analysis of IC enabled the researcher to have an in-depth focus on the main constructs of the concept that companies need to be aware of. However, as the theoretical research question addressed the possibility of how existing models and theories could contribute to an IC evaluation instrument, another objective was set that focused on this issue. This objective set the challenge of discussing, analysing and comparing various prevailing models and theories of IC that could be shaped into auditing criteria. This research objective was achieved using a literature review. While analysing and comparing the different models, the researcher identified Kitchen and Schultz’s (2000) 8-step model of IC implementation as an appropriate foundational structure for the IC audit. After slight alterations to the steps suggested by Kitchen and Schultz (2000) had been made, an IC audit framework was developed that focused on the mentioned constructs identified through the conceptual analysis. The third secondary objective set for the study addressed the normative research question namely, what the ideal manner would be to test the IC audit framework. This objective was dedicated to ensuring that the implementation of the conceptual IC audit framework was tested with regard to its feasibility in practice. To test the feasibility of the framework, it was presented to the managing staff of a decentralised company, Central Media. The data necessary to reach this objective were collected by means of focus-group interviews and analysed. During the focus-group interviews with the respondents from the decentralised company, the steps of the conceptual IC audit framework were presented. Respondents were then granted the opportunity to provide feedback to shape the final IC audit framework. Respondent validation was then employed to ascertain whether the input provided by the respondents had been interpreted correctly. This process formed part of the third and final research phase. After the final secondary objective had been addressed, the data from the three different phases were combined to develop a final presentation of each step of the IC audit framework. The three research phases culminated in a 9-step IC auditing instrument. The execution of this study led to a binary set of contributions. First, the proposed IC audit framework can assist companies to determine whether they are indeed following an integrated approach to all their communication activities. Furthermore, this instrument can also be used to plan, prepare and develop an integrated communication strategy for a company. Ultimately, this study also strives to enhance the status of communication in the industry by showing the advantages of an effective IC approach that organisational communication can bring.
Afrikaans: Geïntegreerde Kommunikasie (GK) blyk die ideale oplossing te wees vir ’n sinvolle gesprek met verskeie belangegroepe. Deur die implementering van hierdie strategie, kan maatskappye gebruik maak van tweerigting-kommunikasie om te verseker dat die eise en verwagtinge van beide interne en eksterne belanghebbendes teenoor die maatskappy nagekom word. Hierdie benadering tot belangegroep-kommunikasie verhoog ook die lojaliteit van belanghebbendes omdat al die aksies van die maatskappy geïntegreer word tot ’n holistiese siening van die kernwaardes van die maatskappy, wat die organisasie van mededingers onderskei. Ongelukkig bied die implementering van GK ’n groot uitdaging vir maatskappye. Hierdie uitdagings sluit ondermeer kwessies in soos die komplekse struktuur van kommunikasiekanale beskikbaar om met belanghebbendes te kommunikeer, sowel as die gebrek aan die nodige vaardighede om ’n sinvolle gesprek met die geïdentifiseerde belanghebbendes te kan hê. Dit het veroorsaak dat maatskappye GK as ’n onbereikbare ideaal sien. Bo en behalwe die genoemde uitdagings, is een van die grootste uitdagings dat daar geen instrument beskikbaar is wat ’n maatskappy in staat sal stel om te bepaal of die pogings om GK na te streef volle potensiaal bereik het nie. Sonder ’n behoorlike evalueringshulpmiddel wat die kern van GK saamvat, sal maatskappye voortgaan om ’n skewe persepsie te kry van wat GK bied en dalk nooit die ware potensiaal van GK ontdek nie. Om ’n moontlike oplossing vir die geïdentifiseerde probleem te verskaf, is vyf navorsingsvrae ontwikkel. Die eerste navorsingsvraag is gestel vanuit ’n konseptuele perspektief en is gebaseer op die bepaling van die basiese boustene van GK om sodoende 'n begrip van die kern van hierdie benadering te verkry. Dit is gevolg deur die meta-analitiese navorsingsvraag, wat klem plaas op die operasionele dimensies wat maatskappye behoort in te sluit in ’n instrument om GK-pogings te evalueer. Verder is ’n teoretiese navorsingsvraag ondersoek waar die moontlikheid om bestaande modelle en teorieë wat die ontwikkeling van ’n GK ouditraamwerk kan ondersteun, ondersoek is. Ten slotte is ’n vraag vanuit ’n normatiewe navorsingspersepsie ontwikkel, wat die navorser in staat gestel het om die ideale wyse waardeur ’n evaluering instrument vir GK met haalbaarheid geïmplementeer kan word te verken. Hierdie vrae het uitgeloop op die hoof navorsingsvraag, wat die moontlikheid aanspreek van ’n maatskappy wat in staat is te bepaal of alle kommunikasiepogings geïntegreer is. Volgens die navorsingvrae is ’n primêre doelwit en drie sekondêre doelwitte geïdentifiseer. Die primêre doelwit van hierdie studie was om ’n GK-ouditraamwerk te ontwikkel wat maatskappye kan gebruik om te bepaal of die kommunikasie-pogings werklik geïntegreer word. Hierdie doelstelling het aanleiding gegee tot drie sekondêre doelwitte, wat deur drie afsonderlike navorsingsfases aangespreek word. Die eerste sekondêre navorsingsdoelwit het gefokus op die bepaling van die omvang van die GK deur die ontleding van die konseptuele grondslag wat die konsep vorm. Dit is gedoen deur middel van ’n konseptuele analise van GK en het die eerste fase van die navorsing gevorm. Deur die gebruik van die data wat deur die konseptuele analise GK verkry is, is die omvang van GK ontwikkel, wat nie net die domeine waarin GK geïmplementeer moet word, insluit nie, maar ook die konstrukte soos eienskappe, dryfkragte en reëls wat tydens die implementering van GK aangespreek moet word, uitlig. Met hierdie omvang was die navorser in staat om ’n duidelike begrip van die belangrikste probleme van die implementering van GK te verkry. Tydens die tweede fase van die navorsing het die data van die konseptuele ontleding van GK die navorser in staat gestel om in meer diepte te fokus op die belangrikste konstrukte van die konsep waarvan maatskappye bewus moet wees. Volgens die teoretiese navorsingsvraag moet die moontlikheid egter ook ondersoek word hoe bestaande modelle en teorieë tot ’n GK-evalueringsinstrument kan bydra. Gevolglik moes ’n ander doelstelling wat op hierdie kwessie fokus, geskep word. Hierdie doelwit het die uitdaging gestel om verskillende bestaande modelle en teorieë van GK in ouditkriteria gevorm kan word, te bespreek, te ontleed en te vergelyk. Hierdie navorsingsdoelwit is behaal deur die gebruik van ’n literatuuroorsig. Gedurende die ontleding en vergelyking van die verskillende modelle is Kitchen en Schultz se (2000) 8-stap model van GK-implementering geïdentifiseer as ’n geskikte grondslagstruktuur vir die GK-oudit. Na klein veranderings aan die stappe soos voorgestel deur Kitchen en Schultz (2000) gemaak is, is ’n GK-ouditraamwerk ontwikkel wat fokus op die genoemde konstrukte wat deur die konseptuele analise geïdentifiseer is. Die derde sekondêre doelwit van die studie het die normatiewe navorsingsvraag aangespreek, naamlik wat die ideale manier sou wees om die GK-ouditraamwerk te toets. Hierdie doelwit is gewy aan die versekering van die implementering van die konseptuele GK-ouditraamwerk met betrekking tot die haalbaarheid van implementering in die praktyk. Om die haalbaarheid van die raamwerk te toets, is dit aan die bestuurspersoneel van ’n gedesentraliseerde maatskappy, Central Media, voorgelê. Om die nodige data in te samel om die doelwit te bereik, is data deur middel van fokusgroep-onderhoude ingesamel. Gedurende die fokusgroep-onderhoude met die respondente uit die gedesentraliseerde maatskappy, is die stappe van die konseptuele GK-ouditraamwerk voorgelê. Respondente is dan die geleentheid gegun om terugvoering te verskaf rakende die vorming van die finale GK-ouditraamwerk. Respondentvalidering is verkry om te verseker dat die insette wat deur die respondente gelewer is korrek geïnterpreteer is. Hierdie proses het deel gevorm van die derde en finale navorsingsfase. Na afloop van die finale sekondêre doelwit is die data van die drie verskillende fases gekombineer om ’n finale aanbieding van elke stap van die GK-ouditraamwerk te ontwikkel. Die drie navorsingsfases het gelei tot ’n 9-stap GK-ouditinstrument. Die uitvoering van hierdie studie het gelei tot ’n tweeledige stel bydraes. Eerstens kan die voorgestelde GK-ouditraamwerk maatskappye help om te bepaal of hulle wel ’n geïntegreerde benadering tot al hul kommunikasieaktiwiteite het. Verder kan hierdie instrument ook gebruik word vir die beplanning, voorbereiding en ontwikkeling van ’n geïntegreerde kommunikasiestrategie vir ’n maatskappy. Laastens streef hierdie studie ook daarna om die status van kommunikasie in die bedryf te verbeter deur te verwys na die voordele van ’n effektiewe GK-benadering wat organisatoriese kommunikasie kan voortbring.
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Business management, Corporate communication, Corporate social responsibility, Marketing communication management, Return on investment, Strategic communication management, Dissertation (M.A. (Communication Science))--University of the Free State, 2016
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