Job satisfaction: correspondence of occupational reinforcers to the individual needs of urban school principals in the Free State

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Date
2012-06
Authors
Mosikidi, Amos Maitse
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Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract
English: Job satisfaction, being a nebulous and multidimensional concept, is considered to be the most important and frequently studied social construct in organisational behaviour literature. This study investigated the level of job satisfaction among urban schools principals in the Free State. In order to attain the desired goals of the study, the congruence between principals’ needs or values and the work environment reinforcers was examined. Two methods of investigation that complement each other, namely, the quantitative and qualitative methods, were used to collect the data. Furthermore, a literature review on job satisfaction and what job satisfaction of principals entails was explored. The literature review revealed the relationship between employee motivation and job satisfaction. It also revealed how motivational theories can be used to improve employees’ job satisfaction. A further examination of the literature on job satisfaction revealed that there is a relationship between job satisfaction and the following organisational behaviours: organisational citizenship behaviours, withdrawal from work, absenteeism, turnover, union activity, counter-productive behaviours, physical and psychological health, burnout, productivity, occupational level, life satisfaction and achievement. It is clear from the literature review that increasing principals’ job satisfaction may either increase or reduce some of the above-mentioned organisational behaviours. The results from both the quantitative and qualitative data evidently indicated that there was no correspondence between principals’ needs and the reinforcers of the work environment. The results revealed further that the opportunities provided by the work environment were very few and inadequate to satisfy principals’ important needs. Additionally, the results showed that the following needs or work aspects of principals need urgent attention: compensation, recognition, advancement, security, working conditions, departmental policies and practices, and relationships with other stakeholders. The following recommendations were among those that emanated from the literature review and the empirical data: principals should realise that their job satisfaction may be significantly improved if they first ensure that they effectively motivate and increase the level of job satisfaction of their subordinates in their institutions; they should also empower themselves by familiarising themselves and implementing the policies of the Department of Basic Education correctly. It is also recommended that the Department of Basic Education should revisit some of the policies that frustrate principals and impact negatively on their overall performance in the school. These policies include the learner pregnancy policy, the policy regarding the allocation of funds to Section 21 schools, and the Post Provisioning Model used for educator recruitment and redeployment. The limitations of this study and recommendations for further research are also mentioned.
Afrikaans: Werkbevrediging is inderdaad ‘n vae begrip met veelvuldige fasette. Die word egter beskou as ‘n belangrike en die mees populêre studieveld in organisatoriese gedragliteratuur. Hierdie studie ondersoek die vlak van werkbevrediging by stedelike skoolhoofde in die Vrystaat. In navolging van die bereiking van die studie se doel, is ondersoek ingestel na die ooreenkomste tussen skoolhoofde se waardes en behoeftes en die faktore wat die werkomgewing aanvul. Twee komplimenterende metodes van ondersoek, naamlik die kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe metodes, is ingespan om data te versamel. Verder is ‘n literatuuroorsig oor werkbevreding en wat die werkbevrediging van skoolhoofde behels, gedoen. Die literatuuroorsig het die verwantskap tussen werknemermotivering en werkbevrediging blootgelê. Dit het ook aangedui hoe motiveringteorieë ingespan kan word om werknemers se werkbevrediging te verbeter. Verdere ondersoek na die literatuur oor werkbevrediging het aangedui dat daar ‘n verhouding tussen werkbevrediging en die volgende organisatoriese gedragspatrone bestaan: organisatoriese burgerlike gedrag, onttrekking van werk, afwesigheid, omset, vakbondbedrywighede, teenproduktiewe gedrag, fisiese en psigologiese gesondheid, uitbranding, produktiwiteit, werksvlak, lewensvreugde en sukses. Die literatuurstudie het duidelik bewys dat ‘n toename in die werkbevrediging van skoolhoofde tot ‘n toename of afname in sommige van die voorgenoemde gedragpatrone sal lei. Die resultate van beide die kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe data het aangedui dat geen ooreenkoms tussen die behoeftes van skoolhoofde en die faktore wat die werkomgewing beïnvloed, bestaan nie. Die resultate het ook aangedui dat die werkomgewing weinig geleenthede bied, of ontoereikend is om in die belangrike behoeftes van skoolhoofde te voorsien. Dan het die resultate ook aangedui dat die volgende behoeftes of werkomstandighede van skoolhoofde dringend aandag moet geniet: vergoeding, erkenning, bevordering, werksekerheid, werkomstandighede, departementele beleidsrigtings en -toepassings en verhoudings met ander rolspelers. ‘n Aantal van die volgende aanbevelings vloei voort uit die literatuuroorsig en empiriese data: skoolhoofde moet besef dat hul werkbevrediging betekenisvol kan verbeter indien hulle eers sorg dat hulle hul ondergeskiktes effektief motiveer en ook hul vlak van werbevrediging verhoog; hulle moet hulself ook bemagtig deur deeglike kennis van en korrekte implementering van die Departement van Basiese Onderwys se beleidsrigtings. Dit word ook aanbeveel dat die Departement van Basiese Onderwys sommige beleidsrigtings wat skoolhoofde frustreer en ‘n negatiewe impak het op hulle werkverrigting by skole, hersien. Hieronder ressorteer die beleid oor leerlingswangerskap, die beleid oor die toekenning van fondse aan Artikel 21-skole, asook die Posvoorsieningsmodel wat gebruik word vir die werwing en herallokering van opvoeders. Melding word ook gemaak van die beperkings van hierdie studie en voorstelle vir verdere navorsing.
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Keywords
Thesis (Ph.D. (Education Management))--University of the Free State, 2012, School principals -- Job stress -- South Africa, School principals -- Job satisfaction -- South Africa -- Free State, School management organization -- South Africa, Educational leadership -- South Africa -- Psychological aspects, Work environment -- South Africa -- Psychological aspects, Burnout, Role conflict, Achievement, Productivity, Work environment reinforcers, Work values/needs, Morale, Motivation, Job dissatisfaction, Job satisfaction
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