Analysis of genetic variability of grain mould resistance in grain sorghum

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Date
2009-09
Authors
Mpofu, Leo Thokoza
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University of the Free State
Abstract
English: In an effort to characterize the relationship between fungal pathogenicity and host genetic resistance, sorghum panicles of 11 genotypes were inoculated with five fungi frequently isolated from sorghum grain. Panicles were inoculated at anthesis with Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium thapsinum, Curvularia lunata, Phoma sorghina and Alternaria alternata spores. There were highly significant differences in the levels of fungal pathogenicity on different sorghum genotypes. These differences accounted for 58.4% of observed variation in ergosterol concentration. Genotype by pathogen (G x P) interactions accounted for 33.5% of the observed ergosterol concentration variation. The implication is that different genotypes reacted differently to different fungi. The genotypic reactions of the hosts accounted for 8.1% of the observed ergosterol concentration variation. Overall, fungal pathogenicity is the most important factor to consider in the evaluation of germplasm for grain mould resistance. Possible sources of resistance could be identified by use of biplot analysis of G x P interactions. Visual scoring for grain mould has limited value without identifying causal fungi. Fusarium thapsinum and Phoma sorghina were the most abundant fungi across all genotypes. Gene action and heritability for grain mould resistance in sorghum were investigated using a selection of 9 random pollen parents with varying levels of grain mould resistance to a different set of three random seed parents. Differences in ergosterol concentration were used as a measure of level of grain mould resistance among all genotypes. Use of ergosterol concentration as a measure of grain mould severity did not correlate with visual field scoring. Other traits measured include plant yield, plant height, kernel hardness, field grade score, days to flowering, glume color and seed color. The combined analysis of variance showed no genotypic variance for grain mould resistance. The expression of grain mould resistance was also not stable with significant genotype x location interaction. The analysis from Potchefstroom showed significant differences among genotypes whereas Cedara-1 and 2 showed no differences. Additive genetic variance was greater than dominance variance for all traits except grain mould resistance. A significant heterosis of -20.15% was observed for grain mould resistance indicating the importance of use of hybrid seed. LM124 (white seeded female) and LM130 (brown seeded female) produced resistant hybrids. Due to very high environmental variance, grain mould heritability could not be detected. Yield indicated the highest heritability of 0.41 at Cedara-1, plant height 0.39 at Cedara-2 and kernel hardness 0.38 at Potchefstroom. The significance of genotype by environment interaction was assessed over three environments. Differences in ergosterol concentration were used as a measure of level of grain mould resistance among all genotypes. Significant G x E interaction was detected after analysis of variance across all three locations. Single site analysis was then done to better explain the nature of the G x E interaction. Potchefstroom is the only location that showed significant genotypic responses to grain mould infection. Low grain mould pressure at Cedara-1 and Cedara-2 caused very low genotypic responses. A biplot was then used to indicate all genotypic performances across the three locations in a graphical design. Fungal species infecting sorghum kernels were isolated, counted and identified. Low genotypic responses at the Cedara locations seems to have been caused by prevalence of a less aggressive fungal species, Mucor spp. Weather variables did not correlate significantly with ergosterol concentration. Mycotoxin levels of aflatoxin, deoxyvalenol (DON), and zearalenone together with ergosterol concentration levels across 39 sorghum genotypes were measured. Varying levels of ergosterol and mycotoxins were observed across the three locations. There was no correlation between ergosterol concentration and any of the mycotoxins which indicates that mycotoxins concentration is not related to total fungal biomass. Mycotoxin concentration must therefore be related only to the biomass of the fungal species that is producing the mycotoxin among all fungal species infesting the grain. Farmers in Potchefstroom should be wary of aflatoxins and zearalenone while farmers in Cedara should choose varieties that tend to be low in DON and aflatoxins while not ignoring zearalenone.
Afrikaans: ‘n Poging is aangewend om die verhouding tussen fungus patogenisiteit en gasher genetiese weestand te bepaal en sorghum are van 11 genotipes is dus geinokuleer met vyf fungi wat gereeld vanaf sorghumgraan geisoler is. Are is geinokuleer by struifmeel stort met Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium thapsinum, Curvularia lunata, Phoma sorghina en Alternaria alternata spore. Hoogs betekenisvolle verskille in fungus patogenisiteit is op die verskillende sorghum genotipes waargeneem. Die verskille is vir 58.4% van die variasie in ergosterol konsentrasie verantwoordelik. Genotipe x patogeen (G x P) interaksie was vir 33.5% van die waargenome ergosterol konsentrasie verantwoordelik. Dit impliseer dat genotipes verskillend reageer teen verksillende fungi. Die genotipiese reaksies van die gashere was vir 8.1% van die waargenome variasie en konsentrasie verantwoordelik. Algeheel is fungus patogenisiteit die belangrikste faktor wat oorweeg moet word by die evaluering van kiemplasma vir graanskimmel weerstand. Moontlike bronne van weerskand kon identifiseer word deur biplot analise van G x P interaksies. Visuele meting van graanskimmel het beperkte waarde sonder om fungi te identifiseer en fungus biomassa in aanmerking te neem. Fusarium thapsinum en Phoma sorghina het die meeste voorgekom by alle genotipes. Geen aksie en oorerfbaarheid van graanskimmel by sorghum weersand is bestudeer deur gebruik te maak van nege stuifmeel ouers met verskeie vlakke van graanskimmel weestand en ‘n ander stel van drie saadouers. Verskille in ergosterol konsentrasie is gebruik as maatstaf van die vlak van graanskimmel weerstand oor alle genotipes. Ergosterol konsentrasie as maatstaf van graanskimmel strafheid het nie met visuele veldmetigs gekorreleer nie. Ander eienskappe wat gemeet is sluit in plant opbrengs, plant hoogte, graan hardheid, veldgraadmeting, dae tot blom, kaffie kleur en saad kleur. Die gekombineerde variasie analise het geen genotipiese variansie vir graanskimmel weerstand aangedui nie. Die uitdrukking van graanskimmel weerstand was nie stabiel met betekenisvolle genotipe x lokaliteit interaksies nie. Die analises vanaf Potchefstroom het betekenisvolle verksille tussen geotipes getoon terwyl Cedara-1 en 2 geen verkille getoon het nie. Additatiewe genetiese variansie was groter as dominante variansie vir alle eienskappe behalwe graanskimmel weerstand. ’n Betekenisvolle heterose van -20.15% is waargeneem vir graanskimmel weerstand wat die belangrikheid van bastersaad aandui. LM124 (witsaad wyfie) en LM130 (Bruinsaad wyfie) het weerstandbiedende basters geproduseer. Weens die hoë omgewings variasie kon graanskimmel oorerfbaarheid nie bepaal word nie. Opbrengs het die hoogste oorerfbaarheid van 0.41 getoon by Cedara-1, plant hoogter 0.39 by Cedara-2 en graanhardheid 0.38 by Potchefstroom. Die betekenisvolle genotipe x omgewing interaksie is ontleed oor drie omgewings. Verskille in ergosteril konsentrasie is gebruik as maatstaf van graanskimmel weerstand tussen genotipes. Betekenisvolle G x E interaksies is waargeneem na ’n variansie analise oor al drie die lokaliteite. Enkel lokaliteit analise is uitgevoer om die aard van die G x E interaksie beter te verduidelik. Potchefstroom was die enigste lokaliteit wat ’n betekenisvolle genotipiese respons to gevolg gehad het. ’n Biplot is gebruik om alle genotipiese uitdrukkings voor te stel oor die drie lokaliteite in ’n grafiese ontwerp. Fungus spesies wat sorghumgrane geinfekteer het is geisoleer, getel en geidentifiseer. Lae genotipe respons by die Cedara lokaliteite is blykbaar veroorsaak deur die voorkoms van minder aggresiewe fungus spesies, bv. Mucor spp. Weerveranderlikes het nie betekenisvol gekorreleer met die ergosterol konsentrasie nie. Mikotoksien vlakke van aflatoksien, deoxyvalenol (DON) en zearalenone saam met ergosterol konsentrasie vlakke oor 39 sorghum genotipes is bepaal. Verskeie vlakke van ergosterol en mikotoksiene is waargeneem oor die drie lokaliteite. Daar was geen korrelasie tussen ergosterol konsentrasie en enige van die mikotoksiene nie. Dit dui aan dat mikotoksiene nie verband hou met totale fungus biomassa nie. Mikotoksien konsentrasie moet dus in verband gebring word teenoor biomassa van fungus spesies wat mikotoksiene produseer in die omgewing waar die gewas gekweek word. Boere op Potchefstroom moet bedag wees vir die risiko van aflatoksiene en zearelenone. Boere op Cedara moet varieteite kies wat lae DON en aflatoksien to gevolg het maar moet bewus by van zearalenone.
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Keywords
Thesis (Ph.D. (Plant Sciences))--University of the Free State, 2009, Sorghum -- Disease and pest resistance -- South Africa, Sorghum -- Genetics, Sorghum -- Breeding -- South Africa, Molds (Fungi)
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