A sedimentological investigation of the B-reef at Masimong 5 Shaft

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Date
2010-08-04
Authors
Van den Heever, Michael Botes
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University of the Free State
Abstract
English: The ultimate objective of all exploration within the Witwatersrand Basin is to locate concentrations of gold which can be exploited economically. Gold in the B placer has high variance. The gold present in the B placer consists of small heavy detrital particles which are contained in the sedimentary host rock. In order to interpret the variable distribution of the gold within the B placer, cognisance must be taken of the sedimentological framework. The aim of this study was to employ a different approach to acquire an insight into the nature of the B placer and to shed more light on the depositional environments that played a major role during the formation of the B placer. Pebbles of the B placer conglomerates were investigated macroscopically in order to determine localities of possible gravel bar formation within the B placer. It was established that the B placer represented a braided river system with three different depositional environments, namely a fluvial environment, braid plain and a braid delta environment. The Upper Shale Marker at Masimong 5 Shaft played a major role in the development of these different depositional environments. The B placer remained river dominant and neither tide nor wave-related processes had an overwhelming influence on the system. The extreme fluvial dominance of the B placer improved the sorting of the braided delta system. The degree of reworking of the gravel bars in the braid delta by waves and current action resulted in the formation of thicker and better sorted conglomerates which, in turn, led to the formation of the B1 facies. Reworking and re-sedimentation of the B1 conglomerate occurred in the subaqueous setting. The B3 facies present at Masimong 5 Shaft were deposited in a purely fluvial braided environment. The improved perceptive of the B placer made it possible to identify four potential scenarios for the development of gravel bars within the braided river system, namely channel junctions, point bars, side bars or lateral bars; midchannel bars and barrier bars.
Afrikaans: Die doelstelling van enige eksplorasie program binne die Witwatersrand Kom, is om die voorkoms van gekonsentreerde goud wat ekonomies ontgin kan word, vas te stel. Goud in die B-rif kom voor as klein detritale partikels binne die sedementêre gesteente, naamlik konglomeraat. Die sedimentologiese prosesse wat geheers het tydens die vorming van die B-rif, speel ‘n belangrike rol om die sporadiese voorkoms van die goud te verstaan. Die doel van die studie was om die B-rif uit ‘n ander oogpunt te benader en sodoende ‘n beter begrip te kry van die afsettingsomgewing wat ‘n rol gespeel het tydens the vorming van die B-rif. Die rolstene van die B-rif konglomeraat was makroskopies ondersoek om sodoende die vorming en moontlike ligging van gruis bankette binne die B-rif vas te stel. Tydens die studie is vasgestel dat die B-rif ‘n vlegstroom afsetting met drie verskillende afsettingsomgewings verteenwoordig, naamlik ‘n fluviale omgewing, ‘n vlegstroom omgewing en ‘n vlegstroom delta. Die Boonste Skalie Merker by Masimong 5 Skag het ‘n belangrike rol gespeel tydens die vorming van die drie verskilllende afsettingsomgewings. Die B-rif het fluviaal dominant gebly en geen gety of golf prosesse het enige invloed op die afsettingsomgewing gehad nie. Die fluviale afsettingsomgewing was dus baie dominerend tydens die vorming van die B- rif en het aanleiding gegee tot beter sortering van die vlegstroom delta sisteem. Die graad van herwerking van die gruis bankette in die vlegstroom delta deur golf en gety werking het aanlyding gegee tot die onwikkeling van dikker en better gesorteerde konglomeraat lae van die B1 fasies. Die herwerking en hersedimentasie van die B1 fasies konglomeraat het hoofsaaklik plaasgevind in ‘n onderwaterse omgewing. Die B3 fasies by Masimong 5 Skag verteenwoordig ‘n eg fluviale vlegstroom afsettings gebied.
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Dissertation (M.Sc. (Geology))--University of the Free State, 2008, Gold mines and mining -- South Africa -- Witwatersrand Basin, Sedimentation and deposition, Placer mining -- South Africa -- Witwatersrand Basin
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