The chemical, microbial and sensory evaluation of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) for human consumption and acceptability

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Date
2014-06
Authors
Mielmann, Annchen
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Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract
English: Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) has not recently been investigated as an alternative protein source for human consumption in SA. The chemical (degrees Brix, macro- and micro-minerals, protein, AA, dry matter, moisture, ash, fat, fibre, carbohydrates and energy content) composition, microbial content, and shelf-life of three lucerne cultivars, ‘SA Standard’ (‘SAS’), ‘WL525’ and ‘WL711’, were investigated. It was compared to SB (Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.), to identify the lucerne cultivar to use for future research purposes. The Brix content of the lucerne cultivars was significantly (p<0.01) higher than SB. Raw lucerne cultivars had significantly (p<0.01; p<0.001) higher Ca and S contents than raw SB. The K, S and Mn content for the raw lucerne cultivars were significantly (p<0.001) higher than the cooked cultivars. The protein content of the raw lucerne cultivars were significantly (p<0.001) higher than the raw SB. Cooked ‘SAS’ and ‘WL525’ had significantly (p<0.001) higher protein contents than cooked SB. Both raw and cooked ‘SAS’ had a significantly (p<0.001) higher carbohydrate and energy contents than both raw and cooked ‘WL525’, ‘WL711’ and SB. The lucerne cultivars contained higher values of essential and non-essential AA than SB. The total bacterial count, coliform count, lactic acid bacteria count and mould count conformed to standards, while cooking significantly (p<0.001) reduced the bacterial load. The shelf-life of cooked lucerne and SB samples were of satisfactory microbiological quality until day seven. The sensory descriptive attributes of the three lucerne cultivars were determined, by using GDA, and consumers’ acceptance (degree of liking for aroma, taste, mouthfeel and overall acceptability). ‘SA Standard stew’ showed the lowest value, of the lucerne samples, for fibrous appearance, chewy and fibrous mouthfeel, bitter taste, and bitter and metallic aftertaste. Principal component analysis showed that, three stew samples (SB, ‘SAS’ and ‘WL525’) and plain SB displayed ‘positive’ attributes, such as soft and wet appearance, spinach beet aroma and salty taste. ‘WL711 stew’ and three plain samples (‘SAS’, ‘WL525’ and ‘WL711’) were associated with ‘negative’ descriptors, namely grassy aroma, fibrous and chewy texture, fibrous appearance, bitter taste, and bitter and metallic aftertaste. ‘SA Standard stew’ was the most preferred lucerne cultivar, as it’s values for degree of liking for aroma, mouthfeel, taste and overall acceptability were numerically higher than ‘WL525’ and ‘WL711’. External preference mapping indicated that three consumer clusters, with different lucerne preferences, were obtained by AHC. ‘SA Standard stew’ was the lucerne sample preferred by all the consumers, except those with some primary education and a yearly income of R501 000 – R750 000 per year, who indicated only a high acceptance for this sample. While 63.1% of the respondents knew what lucerne was, 77% was unfamiliar with the term ‘alfalfa’ and 90.3% never consumed lucerne before. Younger respondents of the white population group, with a grade 12 or higher education, were significantly (p<0.001) more knowledgeable about lucerne. The predictors, sensory qualities and synonyms, contributed significantly (p<0.001) to consumers’ attitudes towards lucerne. While respondents believed that ‘health general’ (40.1%) was the most important advantage of eating lucerne, ‘sensory properties’ (35.4%) and ‘vegetables spinach’ (24.5%) were regarded as the most important disadvantage and association, respectively. The differences in lucerne knowledge of respondents from different demographic backgrounds indicated a need to inform SA consumers, on the benefits of consuming lucerne. Based on these findings, lucerne could be implemented as an alternative vegetable protein and therefore, cultivar ‘SAS’ was proposed for future studies and product development.
Afrikaans: Lusern (Medicago sativa L.) word huidiglik nie as ‘n alternatiewe proteïenbron vir menslike verbruik in SA ondersoek nie. Die chemiese (grade Brix-, makro- en mikro-mineraal-, proteïen-, aminosuur-, droë materiaal-, vog-, as-, vet-, vesel-, koolhidraat- en energie-inhoud) samestelling, mikrobiese inhoud en rakleeftyd van drie lusern kultivars, ‘SA Standaard’ (’SAS’), ‘WL525’, en ‘WL711’, is ondersoek. Dit is vergelyk met SB (Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.) om ‘n geskikte kultivar vir toekomstige navorsingsdoeleindes te identifiseer. Die Brix-inhoud van die lusernkultivars was betekenisvol (p<0.001) hoër as SB. Rou lusernkultivars het ‘n betekenisvolle (p<0.01; p<0.001) hoër Ca- en S- inhoud getoon as rou SB. Die K-, S- en Mn-inhoud vir die rou lusernkultivars was betekenisvol (p<0.001) hoër as die gekookte kultivars. Die proteïeninhoud van die rou lusernkultivars was betekenisvol (p<0.001) hoër as die rou SB. Gekookte ‘SAS’ en ‘WL525’ het ‘n betekenisvolle (p<0.001) hoër proteïeninhoud gehad as gekookte SB. Beide rou en gekookte ‘SAS’ het ‘n betekenisvolle (p<0.001) hoër koolhidraat- en energie-inhoud as beide rou en gekookte ‘WL525’, ‘WL711’ en SB gehad. Die lusern kultivars het hoër waardes vir essensiële en nie-essensiële aminosure as SB getoon. Die totale bakteriese-, kolivorme-, melksuurbakterieë- en skimmeltellings het aan standaarde voldoen, terwyl die kookproses die bakteriese lading betekenisvol (p<0.001) verminder het. Die rakleeftyd van gekookte lusern en SB monsters was van bevredigende mikrobiologiese kwaliteit tot en met dag sewe. Die sensoriese beskrywende eienskappe van drie lusern kultivars is met GDA bepaal, asook verbruikers se aanvaarding (‘hou van’-graad vir aroma, smaak, mondgevoel en algehele aanvaarbaarheid) van lusern. ‘SA Standaard’-bredie het die laagste waarde, van al die lusernmonsters, vir veselagtige voorkoms, koubaar- en veselagtige mondgevoel, bitter smaak, en bitter- en metaalnasmaak getoon. Principal component analysis het getoon dat drie brediemonsters (SB, ‘SAS’ en ‘WL525’) en opgekookte SB ‘positiewe’ eienskappe getoon het, soos sag en nat voorkoms, SB -aroma en soutsmaak. ‘WL711’ bredie en drie opgekookte monsters (‘SAS’, ‘WL525’ en ‘WL711’) was met ‘negatiewe’ beskrywers, naamlik grasaroma, veselagtige en koubaar tekstuur, veselagtige voorkoms, bitter smaak, en bitter- en metaalnasmaak, geassosieer. ‘SA Standaard’ bredie was die mees gewenste lusernkultivar, aangesien die numeriese waardes vir die ‘hou van’-graad vir aroma, mondgevoel, smaak en algehele aanvaarbaarheid hoër was as vir ‘WL525’ en ‘WL711’. External preference mapping het getoon dat drie verbruikersgroepe, met verskillende lusernvoorkeure, verkry is deur AHC. ‘SA Standaard’ bredie is deur al die verbruikers verkies, behalwe dié met gedeeltelike primêre opleiding en ‘n jaarlikse inkomste van R501 000 – R750 000 per jaar, wat net ‘n hoë aanvaarding vir hierdie monster getoon het. Terwyl 63.1% van die verbruikers geweet het wat lusern was, was 77% onbekend met die term ‘alfalfa’ en 90.3% het nog nooit lusern geëet nie. Jonger respondente van die blanke populasiegroep, met ‘n graad 12 of hoër opleiding, het betekenisvol (p<0.001) meer kennis oor lusern getoon. Die antesedente, sensoriese kwaliteite en sinonieme het betekenisvol (p<0.001) bygedra tot verbruikers se houding teenoor lusern. Terwyl respondente geglo het dat ‘gesondheid algemeen’ (40.1%) die belangrikste voordeel was om lusern te eet, was ‘sensoriese eienskappe’ (35.4%) en ‘groente spinasie’ (24.5%) onderskeidelik as die belangrikste nadeel en assosiasie beskou. Die verskille in respondentkennis vanaf verskillende demografiese agtergronde, het ‘n behoefte getoon om SA verbruikers in te lig oor die voordele om lusern te eet. Gebasseer op hierdie bevindinge, kan lusern as ‘n alternatiewe groenteproteïen geïmplementeer word en daarom is kultivar ‘SAS’ voorgestel vir toekomstige studies en produkontwikkeling.
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Keywords
Lucerne, Protein, SA Standard, Spinach beet, Sensory, Knowledge, Attitude, Alfalfa, Thesis (Ph.D. (Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology))--University of the Free State, 2014, Nutrition
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