Can marriage survive traumatic child death?: a 'narrative dance' towards an alternative discourse for spouses' emotional attachment through pastoral therapy

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Date
2009-01
Authors
Botha, Schalk Willem Jacobus
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University of the Free State
Abstract
English: This 'dance' of study gives us, both the researcher as and reader, the opportunity to take part in the 'dancing movement' of pastoral therapy with grieving parents after traumatic child death. The 'pastoral therapeutic dance' becomes the existential participation in parents’ life struggle to co-search for an escape of traumatic child death in the light of God’s story. The conversations that took place in the therapeutic processes served as mediation between God and grieving parents. Through these conversations God entered grieving parents’ existential needs and met them with new hope. In three 'pastoral therapeutic dances' I saw myself as an instrument of God’s love which includes the all-inclusive actions of various kinds; thus, all the actions and reactions in word and deed between therapist, grieving parents and God within the therapeutic conversation. This love made me a conversational partner with a wider circumspect attitude; a more humble approach; a deeper sensitivity to mystery, miracle and meaning, and a higher respect for grieving parents within a person-centred framework. The therapeutic approach that highlights the importance of language and meaning, and simultaneously moves away from a mechanistic, reductionist and deterministic method with a tendency to reify the social status quo and power hierarchies, is Narrative Therapy. Narrative Therapy is based on the postmodern epistemological framework of qualitative research. This view represents movement away from definitive conclusions and labels based on taken-for-granted assumptions. As a postmodern researcher, I see my main task as discovering, by means of a process of interpretation, the patterns of meaning that emerged from the observation and examination of grieving couples’ words, actions and records. The process of discovering is on the way, and is always as if not yet plainly understood, and relies on the clues that were given. I present those patterns of meaning in this 'dance' of study as close to the construction of the world as the participant grieving parents originally experienced it. I remained the participant-observer and the participant-manager throughout the therapeutic conversations without becoming the expert who took charge of the therapeutic conversations by influencing them in a particular direction or towards a certain outcome, or who analysed and diagnosed on the basis of what should and what should not. However, the grieving couples remained the experts of their own stories and meanings: they were encouraged to accept responsibility for their own lives by acting on their own behalf according to their own capabilities, capacities, resources and strengths. By means of Narrative Therapy, grieving parents were enabled through externalisation and deconstruction, to separate themselves from their problem-saturated dominant stories that had been constitutive of their lives and relationships after traumatic child death. Problems only survive and thrive when they are supported and backed by particular truths and beliefs from the dominant cultural discourses within the family of origin or within the broader social context such as gender specifications based on cultural stereotyped norms, or cultural specifications and expectations on how bereaved parents should grieve appropriately. However, these constraints within parents’ marriage relationships were overcome. Gradually, a new story was co-created and a new reality began to emerge. As an alternative dominant story became rooted in parents’ imaginations, it took over and had no end. This new direction was built upon unique outcomes and was dependent on parents who assumed responsibility for the problem, for new choices in their lives and for pursuing new possibilities. The new alternative dominant story was also dependent on parents’ ability to become engaged in emotional patterns and interactions that are based on the Biblical view of the 'dance' of marriage. In this 'dance' of study it was found that parents’ new alternative dominant story after traumatic child death developed by means of Narrative Therapy towards a new emotional attachment between them as marriage partners. Thereby, as soon as gender differences were balanced, and parents were liberated from other taken-for-granted truths of the broader social culture and their families of origin, a meaningful and alternative marital discourse emerged. The pastoral trauma therapist, as a conversational artist, had to facilitate a therapeutic dialogue that had the ability to direct the 'dance' towards a happy ending.
Afrikaans: Hierdie 'studiedans' gee vir beide die navorser en die leser die geleentheid om deel te wees van die 'dans'-bewegings wat pastorale terapie volg met ouerpare wat rou na die traumatiese dood van hul kinders. Die 'pastoraal-terapeutiese dans' word die eksistensiële deelname in ouerpare se lewenstryd waarin daar saam met hulle, in die lig van God se storie, gesoek word na uitweë uit die trauma as gevolg van die dood van hul kinders. Die gesprekke wat as aanleiding tot hierdie studie in die terapeutiese prosesse plaasgevind het, het as bemiddeling tussen God en rouende ouers gedien. Deur middel van hierdie gesprekke het God ingegryp om rouende ouerpare se eksistensiële behoeftes te bevredig en het Hy nuwe hoop vir hulle gebring. In drie 'pastoraal-terapeutiese danse' het ek my, as pastorale terapeut, as ’n instrument van liefde in God se hande aangebied, wat die insluiting van ’n verskeidenheid handelinge gedurende die terapeutiese gesprek omvat het. Hierdie handelinge het alle aksies en reaksies, in woord en daad, ingesluit wat onderling tussen die terapeut, die rouende ouers en God plaasgevind het. God se liefde het my, binne so ’n persoongerigte terapeutiese raamwerk, ’n gespreksgenoot gemaak met ’n ruimer gesindheid, met ’n nederiger benadering, met meer sensitiwiteit vir misterie, wonderwerke en betekenis, en met meer respek vir rouende ouers. So ’n terapeutiese benadering, wat die belangrikheid van taal en betekenis beklemtoon, en terselfdertyd wegbeweeg vanaf ’n meganistiese, verskraalde en deterministiese metode met ’n neiging om die sosiale status quo en magshierargië te versterk, heet Narratiewe Terapie. Narratiewe Terapie is gebaseer op ’n postmoderne epistemologiese raamwerk van kwalitatiewe navorsing. Hierdie beskouing verteenwoordig ’n beweging weg van definitiewe konklusies en etikette wat gebaseer is op geykte veronderstellings. As ’n postmoderne navorser beskou ek dit as my hooftaak om betekenispatrone wat deur die waarneming van en ondersoek na rouende ouerpare se woorde, handelinge en herinneringe na vore gekom het, bloot te lê deur middel van interpretasie. Hierdie blootleggingsproses word gerig deur die leidrade wat gegee word en is altyd voorlopig – asof finale verstaan nog nie bereik is nie – dit wil sê steeds onderweg na ’n volledige verstaan. Ek het die ontdekte betekenispatrone in hierdie 'studiedans' aangebied op ’n wyse wat soveel moontlik ooreenstem met die deelnemende en rouende ouerpare se konstruksie van die gebeure soos hulle dit oorspronklik beleef het. Sonder om die deskundige te probeer wees het wat beheer neem van die terapeutiese gesprekke deur dit te stuur in ’n bepaalde rigting of uitkoms, of wat iemand analiseer of diagnoseer op die basis van wat behoorlik is of nie, het ek die deelnemer-waarnemer en die deelnemer-bestuurder gebly. Dit was egter belangrik dat die ouerpare wat hul kinders traumaties verloor het, die deskundiges van hul eie storie en betekenis moes bly: hulle is aangemoedig om verantwoordelikheid te neem vir hul eie lewens deur, ter wille van hulleself, op te tree volgens hulle eie vermoëns, hulpbronne en sterkpunte. Deur middel van Narratiewe Terapie is ouerpare, op grond van eie eksternaliserings- en dekonstruksieprosesse, in staat gestel om af te sien van die probleemdeurspekte dominante stories wat voorheen hulle lewens en verhoudings bepaal het ná die traumatiserende dood van hul kinders. Probleme leef net voort en floreer net as hulle gevoed word deur bepaalde persepsies en oortuigings wat voortspruit uit die kultuurdiskoerse wat domineer binne die familie van oorsprong of binne die wyer sosiale konteks, byvoorbeeld geslagspesifikasies wat gebaseer is op stereotipiese norme in die kultuur, of kultuurspesifikasies en -verwagtinge oor wat die gepaste wyses is waarop ouers behoort te rou. Hierdie stremmings binne ouers se huweliksverhouding is egter suksesvol oorkom. Stelselmatig is saam-saam ’n nuwe storie geskep en het ’n ander werklikheid na vore getree. Sodra ’n alternatiewe dominante storie in ouers se verbeelding gevestig geraak het, het dít oorheersend geword. Hierdie nuwe rigting was op unieke uitweë gedoel en was afhanklik daarvan dat ouerpare self verantwoordelikheid aanvaar het vir die probleem, vir nuwe keuses in hulle lewe en om nuwe moontlikheid na te jaag. Die volhouing van die alternatiewe dominante stories was ook afhanklik van egpare se vermoëns om emosionele patrone en interaksies te volg wat gebaseer is op die Bybelse beskouing van ’n 'huweliksdans'. In hierdie 'studiedans' is bevind dat ouerpare se alternatiewe dominante stories ná die traumatiese dood van hul kinders deur middel van Narratiewe Terapie ontwikkel kan word in die rigting van ’n nuwe emosionele verbintenis tussen hulle as huweliksmaats. Sodra geslagsverskille uitgebalanseer is, en ouers bevry is van ander, geykte persepsies binne die groter sosiale kultuur en binne hulle families van oorsprong, is ’n betekenisvolle en alternatiewe huweliksdiskoers ontdek of herontdek. As pastorale traumaterapeut, dit wil sê as ’n gesprekskunstenaar, het ek die verantwoordelikheid gehad om ’n terapeutiese dialoog te bemiddel met die potensiaal om die 'pastoraal-terapeutiese dans' in die rigting van ’n gelukkige slot te stuur.
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Keywords
Thesis (Ph.D. (Practical Theology))--University of the Free State, 2007, Bereavement -- Religious aspects -- Christianity, Children -- Death -- Religious aspects -- Christianity, Parents -- Pastoral counselling of, Narrative therapy, Culture and gender, Grief counseling, Expression of emotion, Traumatic grief, Biblical partnership, Postmodern epistemology, Pastoral therapy, Emotional attachment, Traumatic child death
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