Biological reduction of soluble uranium by an indigenous bacterial community

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Date
2013-07
Authors
Maleke, Mathews Maleke
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Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract
English: Uranium (U) and chromium (Cr) in groundwater are a serious public health concern due to their chemical toxicity. Even so, microorganisms have developed mechanisms which permit them to thrive under previously perceived uninhabitable conditions. A number of bacteria have been isolated from areas impacted with the soluble heavy metals, and can be exploited as bioremediation agents since they are well adapted to these metals. To date, the use of microbial mechanisms for bioremediation processes is a growing industry since it provides green and sustainable technologies. In this study, the upflow bioreactors were used as a low cost, low maintenance effective bioremediation strategy in comparison to the available methods of remediation. Two metals known to be toxic in their soluble state were treated. The first was Cr(VI) from an impacted site in Limpopo and the second was U(VI) from the Wonderfonteinspruit catchment, North West Province. The system was efficient for the removal of soluble Cr(VI) and U(VI) from the impacted water through biostimulation of indigenous bacterial communities. This system can be up scaled and employed for the remediation of impacted sites, and it will be useful especially at low levels of U(VI). Indigenous bacterial community from impacted sites have the capability to reduce Cr(VI) and U(VI) effectively over a sustainable period. The shortage of electron donor and continuous oxygen exposure in the case of U(VI) act as a limiting factor. However, in this study successful Cr(VI) and U(VI) reduction rates were increased by the addition of an electron donor to stimulate the indigenous bacterial community. Furthermore, a third upflow bioreactor showed that it is even possible with gradual increases of U(VI) concentration that U(VI) bioreduction is possible at very high levels. The influent water was spiked step wise with uranyl acetate, allowed to reach maximal U(VI) reduction/removal and then the diversity was assessed. Despite the 10 mg/l U(VI) fed to the bioreactor, the established microbial community was able to tolerate, adapt and thereby remove the U(VI) from the spiked water. Even though biofilm could not sturdily adhere to the matrix from the bioreactor, high levels of U(VI) removal could be achieved and the planktonic community maintained. No biofilm could be observed from SEM analysis from the TEM it was observed that the planktonic microbial community have an interaction with uranium. Since no U(VI) could be detected from the effluent samples, it is thus postulated the uranium in contact with the microbial cells is in another form, probably U(IV) as previously shown in this laboratory. This study allows for the understanding of the metal microbe interactions in impacted environments, the use of this biome to remediate the water in an effective, low cost and maintenance bioreactor.
Afrikaans: Uraan (U) en chroom (Cr) wat in grondwater voorkom veroorsaak ernstige publieke gesondheids probleme as gevolg van hulle toksisiteit. Mikroorganismes het meganismes ontwikkel wat hulle in staat stel om in toestande te oorleef wat voorheen gesien is as onbewoonbaar. ‘n Aantal bakterië is al geïsoleer uit areas wat gekontamineer is met oplosbare swaar metale, en kan dus gebruik word vir bioremediasie aangesien hulle reeds aangepas is tot die teenwoordigheid van hierdie swaar metale. Die gebruik van mikrobiese meganismes vir bioremediasie prosesse is ‘n groeiende industrie omdat dit ‘n meer groen en volhoubare tegnologie is. In hierdie studie is opvloei bioreaktors gebruik as ‘n lae koste, lae onderhoud effektiewe bioremediasie strategie in vergelyking met ander beskikbare metodes van remediasie. Twee metale wat toksies is in hulle oplosbare vorm was behandel. Die eerste was Cr(VI) vanaf ‘n gekontamineerde area in Limpopo en die tweede was U(VI) vanaf die Wonderfonteinspruit opvangs gebied, Noord Wes Provinsie. Die sisteem was effektief vir die verwydering van beide oplosbare Cr(VI) en U(VI) vanuit die gekontamineerde water deur biostimulasie van inheemse bakteriële gemeenskap. Hierdie sisteem kan opgeskaal en gebruik word vir die remediasie van gekontamineerde areas, en sal veral nuttig wees waar lae vlakke van U(VI) voorkom. Die inheemse bakteriële gemeenskap van gekontamineerde areas het die vermoë om Cr(VI) en U(VI) effektief te reduseer oor ‘n volhoubare periode. Die tekort aan elektron donor en die deurlopende blootstelling aan suurstof in die geval van U(VI) is die beperkende faktore. Alhoewel, gedurende hierdie studie is die Cr(VI) en U(VI) reduksie tempo’s verhoog deur die byvoeging van ‘n gepaste elektron donor om die inheemse bakteriële gemeenskap te stimuleer. Verder, deur ‘n derde opvloei bioreaktor waartydens die U(VI) konsentrasie gelydelik verhoog is, is gewys dat bioremediasie ook moontlik is teen hoë vlakke van U(VI). Die U(VI) konsentrasie in die water was stapsgewys verhoog deur die byvoeging van uranyl asetaat, gevolg deur die reduksie van die U(VI) en die bepaling van die bakteriële diversiteit. Ten speite van die 10 mg/l U(VI) wat in die reaktor ingevoer is, was die gevestigde mikrobiese gemeenskap in staat om aan te pas en sodoende die U(VI) te verwyder vanuit die water. Alhoewel die biofilm nie op die matriks van die bioreaktor kon heg nie, kon hoë vlakke van U(VI) steeds verwyder word deur die handhawing van die planktoniese gemeenskap Geen biofilm was waargeneem deur SEM analise nie. Daar was waarneembare interaksie tussen die planktoniese mikrobiese gemeenskap en uraan volgens die resultate verkry uit die TEM analise. Omdat geen U(VI) in die behandelde water opgespoor kon word nie, is dit gepostuleer dat die uraan wat geassosieer word met die mikrobiese selle in ‘n ander form voorkom, waarskynlik U(IV) soos voorheen gesien in die laboratorium. Hiedie studie maak dit moontlik om die metaal-mikrobe interaksies te verstaan in gekontamineerde omgewings, asook om hierdie biome te gebruik om gekontamineerde water te remidieer in ‘n effektiewe, lae koste en onderhoud bioreaktor.
Description
Dissertation (M.Sc.(Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology))--University of the Free State, 2013
Keywords
Uranium, Microbial ecology, Ecology, Uranium reduction, Upflow bioreactor, DGGE, Biostimulation, Indigenous bacteria
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