Phosphorus bidentate ligand interaction at platinum group metals: A catalytic and solid state study

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Date
2015-02
Authors
Kama, Dumisani Vincent
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University of the Free State
Abstract
English: Hydroformylation of alkenes (olefins) is one of the world’s leading aldehyde producing process. The resulting aldehydes can easily be converted to secondary products such as alcohols for production of plasticizers and detergents. Recent studies are directed towards the production of highly selective catalysts as linear aldehydes are the most desired products. A number of phosphine ligands have been investigated regarding this process, showing that fine tuning of the ligands electronic and steric properties significantly affects the activity and selectivity of a catalyst. A range of diphosphinoamine (PNP) ligands with various substituents on the nitrogen atom were synthesized and characterized, namely (1) N,N-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-p-toluidine [CH3-Ph-PNP],(2) N,N-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-chloroaniline [Cl-Ph-PNP], (3) N,N-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-fluoroaniline [F-Ph-PNP], (4) N,N-Bis(di-p-tolylphosphino)-p-toluidine [5-p-tolyl-PNP], (5) N,N-Bis(di-p-tolylphosphino)-o-toluidine [4-p-tolyl-o-tol], (6) N,N-Bis(di-p-tolylphosphino)cyclohexylamine [Chzyl-4-p-tolyl] and (7) N,N-Bis(di-p-tolylphosphino)cyclobutylamine [Cbutyl-4-p-tolyl] (see Figure 1). These ligands were systematically synthesized to induce different steric and electronic properties on the nitrogen atom. All the ligands were coordinated to Pt(II) and Pd(II) metals to serve as models for Rh(I) pre-catalysts systems to be used in hydroformylation of 1-octene. Metal complexes which produced crystals suitable for X-ray data analysis were (A) Dichloro-[N,N-Bis(di-p-tolylphosphino)-p-toluidine-k2P,P’]platinum(II) [Pt(5-p-tolyl-PNP)Cl2], (B) Dichloro-[N,N-Bis(di-p-tolylphosphino)-o-toluidine-k2P,P’]platinum(II) [Pt(4-p-tolyl-o-tol)Cl2], (C) Dichloro-[N,N-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-chloroaniline-k2P,P’]palladium(II) [Pd(Cl-Ph-PNP)Cl2], (D) Dichloro-[N,N-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-p-toluidine-k2P,P’]palladium(II) [Pd(5-p-tolyl-PNP)Cl2], (E) Dichloro-[N,N-Bis(di-p-tolylphosphino)cyclobutylamine-k2P,P’]platinum(II) [Pt(Cbutyl-4-p-tolyl)Cl2] and (F) Dichloro-[N,N-Bis(di-p-tolylphosphino)cyclohexylamine-k2P,P’]palladium(II) [Pd(Chzyl-4-p-tolyl)Cl2] (see Figure 2). This data provided information regarding the coordination modes of the ligands. To evaluate the electronic properties of ligand 1, 2 and 3, the first order coupling constants J(Pt-P) were determined and correlated. Hydroformylation of 1-octene was performed using a Rh(I)-PNP catalyst. An increase in linear product yield was observed when the ligand electron withdrawing ability and the steric bulk on the nitrogen were systematically increased. The highest recorded linear product yield was 35.1 % with Ligand 3 and the lowest was 20.3 % with ligand 4 in the first three hours of the sampling period. The highest calculated θN-sub was 80.6 ° for ligand 6 and gave a linear product of 28.5%. The lowest recorded θN-sub was 33.7 ° for ligand 4. These results showed that both the electronic and the steric properties have a significant influence on the catalysts selectivity.
Afrikaans: Hidroformilering van alkene (olefiene) is een van die wêreld se belangrikste aldehied-vervaardigingsprosesse. Die gevolglike aldehiede kan maklik na sekondêre produkte soos alkohole vir die vervaardiging van plastiseerders en skoonmaakmiddels omgeskakel word. Onlangse studies is gerig op die vervaardiging van hoogs selektiewe kataliste aangesien liniêre aldehiede die mees gesogde produkte is. `n Aantal fosfienligande is ondersoek rakende hierdie proses, en die studies het aangedui dat verfyning van die elektroniese en steriese eienskappe van ligande `n beduidende uitwerking op die aktiwiteit en selektiwiteit van `n katalis het. `n Reeks difosfinoamien (PNP) ligande met verskeie substituente op die stikstofatoom is vervaardig en gekarakteriseer, naamlik (1) N,N-Bis(difenielfosfino)-p-toluïdien [CH3-Ph-PNP],(2) N,N-Bis(difenielfosfino)-4-chlooranilien [Cl-Ph-PNP], (3) N,N-Bis(difenielfosfino)-4-fluooranilien [F-Ph-PNP], (4) N,N-Bis(di-p-tolielfosfino)-p-toluïdien [5-p-toliel-PNP], (5) N,N-Bis(di-p-tolielfosfino)-o-toluïdien [4-p-toliel-o-tol], (6) N,N-Bis(di-p-tolielfosfino)sikloheksiel-amien [Chzyl-4-p-toliel] en (7) N,N-Bis(di-p-tolielfosfino)siklobutielamien [Cbutiel-4-p-toliel] (sien Figuur 1). Hierdie ligande is sistematies vervaardig om verskillende steriese en elektroniese eienskappe op die stikstofatoom te induseer. Alle ligande is aan Pt(II) en Pd(II) metale gekoördineer om as modelle te dien in Rh(I) pre-katalitiese stelsels vir gebruik in hidroformilering van 1-okteen. Metaalkomplekse wat geskikte kristalle vir X-straaldiffraksie gevorm het is (A) Dichloor-[N,N-Bis(di-p-tolielfosfino)-p-toluïdien-k2P,P’]platinum(II) [Pt(5-toliel-PNP)Cl2], (B) Dichloor-[N,N-Bis(di-p-tolielfosfino)-o-toluïdien-k2P,P’]platinum(II) [Pt(4-toliel-tol)Cl2], (C) Dichloor-[N,N-Bis(difenielfosfino)-4-chlooranilien-k2P,P’]palladium(II) [Pd(Cl-Ph-PNP)Cl2], (D) Dichloor-[N,N-Bis(difenielfosfino)-p-toluïdien-k2P,P’]palladium(II) [Pd(5-p-toliel-PNP)Cl2], (E) Dichloor-[N,N-Bis(di-p-tolielfosfino)siklobutielamien-k2P,P’] platinum(II) [Pt(Cbutiel-4-p-toliel)Cl2] en (F) Dichloor-[N,N-Bis(di-p-tolielfosfino)sikloheksiel-amien-k2P,P’]palladium(II) [Pd(Chzyl-4-p-toliel)Cl2] (sien Figuur 2). Hierdie data het inligting rakende die koördineringsmodusse van die ligande verskaf. effek (θN-sub), toelaat. Om die elektroniese eienskappe van ligand 1, 2 en 3 te evalueer is die eerste orde koppelingskonstantes J(Pt-P) vasgestel en gekorreleer. Hidroformilering van 1-okteen is uitgevoer deur middel van `n Rh(I)-PNP katalis. `n Toename in liniêre produkopbrengs is waargeneem namate die ligand se elektron-onttrekkende eienskappe en die steriese invloed op die stikstofatoom sistematies verhoog is. Die hoogste waargenome liniêre produkvorming was 35.1 % met ligand 3 en die laagste was 20.3 % met ligand 4 in die eerste drie ure van die steekproeftydperk. Die hoogste berekende θN-sub was 80.6 ° vir ligand 6 en het `n liniêre produk van 28.5 % opgelewer. Die laagste aangetekende θN-sub was 33.7 ° vir ligand 4. Hierdie resultate toon aan dat beide die elektroniese en steriese eienskappe beduidende invloed op katalisselektiwiteit het.
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Keywords
Hydroformylation, Aldehydes, Dissertation (M.Sc. (Chemistry))--University of the Free State, 2015, Catalysts, 1-Octene, Diphosphinoamine, Steric bulk, X-ray data, Analysis
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