A history of Rhokana/Rokana Corporation and its Nkana Mine Division, 1928-1991

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Date
2018-02
Authors
Munene, Hyden
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Publisher
University of the Free State
Abstract
English: This dissertation is a detailed historical account of the corporate structure, labour relations and profitability of the Rhokana Corporation and its Nkana mine. Thematically and chronologically organised, it starts with the discovery of viable ores on the Copperbelt in the late 1920s, which attracted foreign capital from South Africa, Britain and the United States of America, prompting the development of the Nkana mine and the formation of the Rhokana Corporation in the early 1930s. The study concludes with the re-privatisation of the Zambian mining sector in 1991. It draws heavily from primary data housed in the Mineworkers’ Union of Zambia, National Archives of Zambia, United National Independence Party Archives and Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Archives, as well as interviews with key players in the Zambian copper mining industry. In doing so, the thesis contributes to the historiography of the political economy of the copper industry in Zambia. While the subject’s existing historiography has examined themes of corporate structure, labour relations and profitability in isolation and for relatively short periods when assessing the development of the Northern Rhodesian/Zambian mining sector, this thesis combines all three themes in Rhokana/Nkana’s history, investigating them over a long time period in order to construct a detailed historical perspective. The dissertation argues that Rhokana for a time was the most important mining entity in the Northern Rhodesian/Zambian mining industry. Rhokana was both an investment firm on the Copperbelt and a mining company through Nkana mine. The Corporation was consulting engineer to the mines owned by Rhodesian Anglo American Corporation on behalf of its parent company, the Anglo American Corporation of South Africa. It also invested in certain of the mines owned by the Rhodesian Selection Trust. Rhokana contributed significantly to the development of the copper industry in Zambia. Its corporate and labour policies influenced the Copperbelt as a whole. Employing the largest labour force in the mining sector, Rhokana spearheaded the labour movement on the Copperbelt. Its Nkana mine was also the largest producer of copper in the Northern Rhodesian mining industry between 1940 and 1953, and contributed hugely to the war economies of Britain and the United States of America. Throughout its history, Nkana was also a major source of cobalt. After nationalisation of the mining sector in 1970, Rhokana surrendered its investments in the wider copper industry, but remained central to the Copperbelt’s smelting and refining operations, owning the biggest metallurgical facilities in the industry. Through all of this, Rhokana’s corporate strategy evolved over time, as the Corporation cooperated with key stakeholders in the copper industry in order to safeguard its operations and profitability.
Afrikaans: Hierdie verhandeling is ‘n gedetaileerde historiese weergawe van die korporatiewe struktuur, arbeidsverhoudings en winsgewendheid van die Rhokana Korporasie en sy Nkana myn. Dit is volgens temas en kronologiese gebeure gerangskik, dit begin met die ontdekking van lewensvatbare erts op die Copperbelt rif in die laat 1920’s, wat buitelandse kapitaal gelok het vanuit Suid Afrika, Britanje en Amerika. Dit het die ontwikkeling van die Nkana myn en die totstandkoming van die Rhokana Korporasie in die vroeë 1930’s tot gevolg gehad. Die studie sluit af met die aankondiging van die privatisering van die Zambiese myn sektor in 1991. Die verhandeling steun swaar op die primêre data wat gehuisves is by, onder andere, die Mynwerkers Unie van Zambië, die Nationale Argiewe van Zambië, die Verenigde Nationale Onafhanklike Party Argiewe en die Zambiese Gekonsolideerde Koper Myn Argiewe. Daar is ook gebruik gemaak van onderhoude met sleutel persone wat betrokke was by die Zambiese Koper myn industrie in die relevante tydperk. Hierdie tesis dra by tot die historiografie en die politieke ekonomie rondom die Koper myn industrie in Zambië. Die bestaande historiografie wat beskikbaar is bespreek die volgende temas, korporatiewe struktuur, arbeidsverhoudings en indivuele winsgewendheid wanneer hulle die ontwikkeling van die Noord Rhodesia/Zambiese myn sektor asseseer. Hierdie tesis kombineer die drie temas in die bespreking van die Rhokana/Nkana geskiedenis en ondersoek hulle oor ‘n lang tydperk om ‘n duidelike histioriese prespektief te vorm. Die verhandeling argumenteer dat Rhokana die belangrikste myn entiteit in die hele Noord Rhodesia/Zambië myn industrie was. Rhokana was ‘n beleggings maatskappy en ook ‘n Copperbelt myn maatskappy wat Nkana besit het. Die Rhokana Korporasie was die konsulterende ingenieur vir al die myne wat deur die Rhodesian Anglo American Korporasie besit is, namens sy ouer maatskappy, die Anglo American Korporasie van Suid Afrika. Rhokana het aansienlik bygedra tot die ontwikkeling van die koper industrie in Zambië. Die arbeids beleide en die koproratiewe beleide wat Rhokana geimplimenteer het, het die Copperbelt as ‘n geheel beinvloed. Die Nkana myn was die grootste produsent van koper in die Noord Rhodesisiese myn industrie tussen 1940 en 1953, en het grootliks bygedra tot die oorlog ekonomie van byde Engeland en Amerika. Regdeur die geskiedenis van Nkana was die myn die grootste produsent van cobalt in die Copperbelt distrik. Na die myn genationaliseer is in 1970, het Rhokana sy belegging in die koper industrie verloor, maar het nog sentraal gebly as die grootste verskaffer van smeltoonde en verfynings werke vir die Copperbelt myne, omdat dit nog steeds die grootste fasiliteite besit het. Rhokana se korporatiewe strategie het ook oor tyd verander, omdat die myn met ander sleutelbelanghebbendes saamgewerk het om die veiligheid en winste van die bedrywighede te verseker.
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Thesis (Ph.D. (Centre for Africa Studies))--University of the Free State, 2018, Rhokana/Rokana, Corporate structure, Labour, Copper, Profitability, Northern Rhodesia (Zambia)
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