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Item Open Access Basic training in police brutality: Exploring the effects of SAPS Academies' basic police development learning programmes on the prevalence of Police brutality in South Africa(University of the Free State, 2022) Boonzaaier, ChandréPolice brutality is one of the biggest problems facing the Criminal Justice System of South Africa. The purpose of this research study is to explore the relationship between the Basic Police Development Learning programmes presented at the academies of the SAPS and police brutality in South Africa and to also develop a greater understanding thereof. This research proposal will provide a brief background regarding the prevalence of police brutality in South Africa. The preliminary literature review and theoretical framework define some of the key concepts relevant to the study and discuss some of the findings of similar studies. The main objective of this research study is to explore and identify some of the root causes of police brutality and to determine whether the current Basic Police Development Learning Programmes presented at the SAPS Academies are adequate and capable of reducing police brutality in South Africa. Therefore, to achieve the main objective of this study there are a few research aims that must be addressed. The proposal also provides a few research questions to help guide the researcher in achieving the objectives and aims of the study. The research methodology more specifically the most appropriate and suitable research design, data collection, and data analysis methods for this research study will be discussed. The proposal will consider some of the limitations and potential challenges that might occur when conducting this study. Ultimately this research study aims to address the problem of police brutality and examine the possible effect police training has on its prevalence.Item Open Access The bones of myth: The cultural impact of fossils in ancient Greece and Rome(University of the Free State, 2022) Keyser, Ambrocia Kesia; Van Wyk, J.Passed down to us through time, we know that myths formed a central part of ancient civilisation. From multiple studies and research conducted we know why some myths exist, but not necessarily what may have inspired them. My research led me to investigate myths which became popular in ancient society and remains popular today. Myths centring around the cyclopes, Griffins and mermaids are what I focus on as I try to pinpoint whether these myths may have physical merit and connect them to fossils and skeletons which comes to us from millennia ago.Item Open Access A contemporary view of the history of Landscape art and artists in relation to climate change(University of the Free State, 2022) Webster, Rebecca; Roussouw, Martin; Human, SuzanneClimate change has in the past and remains today a major factor of the natural world that is being fast tracked by human exploitation. Through the critical analysis of landscape and land art and artists from the lens of both South African Land artist Strijdom van der Merwe and current opinion regarding the ecological impacts of climate change, we are able to view historical land/landscape art in a different, more environmentally considerate light. The environmental exploitation our world faces does not end in its physical exploitation, instead, it includes Humankind’s capacity to dominate the visual and representational aspect of environmental perception.Item Metadata only The diversity of pollination systems employed by South African species of the Aloe genus (family Asphodelaceae)(University of the Free State, 2022) Sithole, ZinhleSpecies of genus Aloe (family Asphodelaceae) have higher species richness in South Africa compared to other species of the same family. This is, in part, due to the diversity of their pollination systems. This paper aimed to investigate different pollination systems employed by aloes, which contribute to high species diversity in South Africa. The research revealed that the Aloe species have evolved floral traits that correlate with their pollinators. Numerous aloes were found to be pollinated by the avian species; including sunbirds (specialist nectarivores) and opportunistic nectivorous birds. These aloes have floral traits that correlate bird pollination syndrome, such as tubular flowers that are brightly-coloured (ranging from red, orange, or yellow), unscented, and produce dilute nectar. In these aloes, insects and mammals often serve as co-pollinators. Other Aloe species have floral traits that conform to an insect pollination syndrome. Species such as Aloe inconspicua, Aloe minima and Aloe linearifolia were found to be pollinated by insects (solitary bees) due to their comparatively shorter, tubular, cream or whitish floral parts, when compared to bird-pollinated aloes. Furthermore, the floral morphology of some aloes suggest pollination by one type of pollinator, but other animals also effectively pollinate them. For example, Aloe peglerae displays bird pollination syndrome, but did show some features that aid mammal pollination, since they are stemless, with rosette leaves, presenting floral resources almost at ground level. This variety in pollination systems and floral traits is thus hypothesized to have contributed to the species diversity observed for South African aloes.Item Open Access The effects of ambient light and temperature on moth behaviour in different South African locations(University of the Free State, 2020) Mollo, RetshedisitsweInsects, the smallest, most diverse animals in the world can be great biological indicators. Moths are one of the very few that need to be conserved in order to inform us about the environment. This study investigates how moths are affected by ambient light and temperature in three locations in South Africa. The data was collected by observing the number of moths that were present at a light source, in this case a street light, at 3 hourly intervals for several days in April and May. The data was analysed using an ANOVA test and Pearson’s correlation test, to test for the relationship between these variables and moth behaviour. There were two hypotheses. The first stated that if there was a relation between moth activity and temperature, then there would be more moths in warmer temperatures. While the second stated that if there was a relationship between moth activity and ambient light then areas with light pollution would show higher moth numbers. However the report concluded both hypotheses to be incorrect. There was no significant difference, nor a correlation between moth numbers and the variables. The implications of the study suggest that moth conservation in South Africa is something that needs to be given more attention. The people should be more aware of their impact on wildlife species by conserving them.Item Open Access The effects of deforestation and climate change on the biodiversity within South Africa’s agricultural sector(University of the Free State, 2022) Reddy, AliyaIt is evident that there is a decline in the agricultural industry and its biodiversity due to the effects of climate change and deforestation. It is important to understand the impact of these threats and the severity of the need to alleviate them. A variety of solutions can be put in place throughout ones daily life to aid in reducing the impacts of these threats on the agricultural sector in South Africa. This assignment explores such solutions and then importance of them on increasing the viability of the Agricultural for future generations to come.Item Open Access Exegetical assignment on Matthew 19:13-15(University of the Free State, 2021-09) Kekana, LesibaAbstract not availableItem Open Access The importance of being aware of threats impacting biodiversity and more specifically the biodiversity in South Africa’s agricultural sector(University of the Free State, 2022) Hayward, ErinBiodiversity is essential for the function of ecosystems and many processes that keep the wheel of life turning. However, there are certain threats that biodiversity is faced with. It is essential that these threats, their effects, and impact on the bigger context is understood. Only then certain measures can be taken to turn this around. This assignment explores climate change and, consequently, habitat loss as the two predominant threats influencing biodiversity. In addition, some possible solutions to these threats are considered, and how this will help to promote the role of biodiversity in the agricultural sector of South Africa.Item Open Access Increased cell wall activity on Tugela Dn1 wheat cultivar infested with Russian wheat aphid biotype 2(University of the Free State, 2021-11) Ramovha, Dembe; Mafa, Mpho S.Wheat plays a major role in food production and security. Infestation of wheat by Russian wheat aphid affects food security as it causes chlorosis on cereal crops. Since plants are sessile, they have developed a range of defense mechanisms against attackers. When aphids feed on the plant nutrients through the stylet they release salivary secretions containing cell-wall modification enzymes that degrade the cell wall. There are enzymes that act on the plant cell wall. These enzymes target the cellulose component of the cell wall. When studying the enzyme activity, increased activity was found on plants that were infested by aphids as compared to the control plants. During cell wall remodeling the esterase activity also increased due to the fact that the ester bond between phenolic acids and hemicellulose is cleaved.Item Open Access The legal differentiation between same-sex and heterosexual life partnerships as far as intestate succession is concerned in the wake of Laubscher v Duplan 2017 (2) SA 264 (CC) and subsequent judicial developments(University of the Free State, 2021-11) Mofokeng, Matlala; Smith, B. S.Abstract not availableItem Open Access Photosynthesis v/s Photorespiration (energy outputs, metabolite production and carbon flux)(University of the Free State, 2022) Ramathibe, M. J.Sunlight is an important source of energy required for the survival and sustainability of biodiversity. However, most living organisms cannot directly consume solar energy. As a result, autotrophs use carbon dioxide and water to convert solar energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis. This study aims to explore the relationship between photosynthesis and photorespiration in determining sugar (glucose) production levels. The relationship was investigated through the comparison of their energy outputs, metabolite production and carbon flux. When photosynthesis levels were high, the total sugar (glucose) production increased, while using less energy. On the other hand, when photorespiration levels were high, the total sugar (glucose) production decreased, while using more energy. Therefore, photosynthesis is an essential process which maintains the biosphere, whereas, photorespiration is a wasteful process which decreases the efficiency of photosynthesis.Item Open Access Promoting teacher' well-being: Communication, mindfulness, and self-regulation(University of the Free State, 2022) Mapane, Maleshoane; Möhr, Eden-Lee; Sibambo, Felicia; Masiba, Konaye; Rihani Lombard; Maso, Elam; Naidoo, P.Promoting the well-being of others is a central value of a community psychologist (Visser & Moleko, 2012). We as Community psychology students strive to fulfil this value through our community and social psychology module. Our group worked alongside each other to create an intervention to promote the teacher’s well-being at Lettie Fouche school, placing focus on communication strategies and conflict management. Communication strategies can be defined as much-needed tools when engaging in social interactions and can act as guidelines when interacting with the public, co-workers, and stakeholders (Ekeowa, 2016; Neuvonen et al., 2021). Conflict can have an impact on the work environment and social interactions between the employees and this can lead to lowering levels of productivity and job satisfaction (Ayoko, 2016). When the focus is placed on teachers’, conflict can have an impact on the learning environment as well as the teacher’s performance at work (Valento & Lourenco, 2020).This portfolio would consist of the description of the project, the planning that went into the project, in-depth theoretical grounding, references to other modules, ethical considerations, the evaluation of our intervention, and challenges faced by the group. At the end of the portfolio, there would be an appendix attached. Which will consist of our podcast transcript, self-refection paragraphs of every member of the group, needs assessment and feedback Google form, peer review feedback forms, group member contribution, a photo of the group members and the teachers, and a poster. Lastly, a turn-it-in report will also be attached.Item Open Access Research fieldwork report on visitors’ experience at the National Museum in Bloemfontein: The African Hall(University of the Free State, 2022) Tapileno, Zandile; Esterhuizen, P.The undergraduate training of students in anthropology research advances the notion of ethnography. Ethnography entails doing fieldwork and emphasis on participant observation. This presentation aims to share visitors’ experience at the National Museum in Bloemfontein, particularly the African Hall. The key findings from the assignment were based on three cultural domains: their impressions on the library as a whole, their preference on the communication in the African Hall and lastly, their connection to the displays in the African Hall. In conclusion, I share unintended outcomes on the impact of the assignment on my career trajectory.Item Open Access The resistance levels displayed by Haemonchus contortus towards different anthelmintic groups, tested in Dohne merino lambs on a central Free State farm(University of the Free State, 2021-11) Van der Merwe, C.; Kruger, LeonThis paper reveals the efficacy of five anthelmintic products containing different active ingredients used to treat Haemonchus contortus infestation in 25 Dohne merino lambs in total divided into 5 groups. Faecal worm egg count test (FEC) data was used to determine the percentage efficiency of each anthelmintic. The efficacy of each anthelmintic product result from the level of resistance displayed by the H. contortus population on the Paradys experimental farm against the product, meaning the higher the level of resistance the lower the efficacy of the anthelmintic. Startect (derquantel + abamectin) proved to be the most effective with an efficacy of 99.35 % followed by Uni-Dose (trichlorfon) with an efficacy of 89.23 %. Ivomec (ivermectin) resulted in showing the highest level resistance and a negative efficacy of -131.83 % followed by Tramisol (levamizole) having an efficacy of 3.56 %. Prodose Orange (closantel + albendazole) had an efficacy of 30.94 %.Item Open Access Software engineering project(University of the Free State, 2020) Hassett, S. G.; Mochaki, T. M.; Phuthi, R. G.This document outlines the deliverables for the Requirements, Analysis and Design workflows of the Unified Process for the UFS COVID-19 Screening System. The UFS COVID-19 Screening System serves to automate the process of screening campus staff, student and visitors for COVID-19 symptoms before accessing the campus.Item Open Access Software engineering project(University of the Free State, 2021) Schoombie, A. W.; Boltman, W. R.; Venter, J. C.; McDonald, D. C.; Gomes, M. L.; Fouche, RouxanAbstract not availableItem Open Access SupaRunnas: A study on the software design process(University of the Free State, 2022) Kelly, Morgan; Theron, Shane; Matthee, Ethan; Botes, EttienneThis project aims to document the software development process of a software application commissioned by Athletics South Africa (ASA) that would make it easier for them to manage races and athlete memberships in South Africa. In this course paper, we created a consolidated list of requirements through discussions with ASA members. These requirements were then broken down into technical aspects and elaborated on to design the basic program. Through mock-ups, we demonstrated what the application would look like when used. The application was designed with simplicity and usability in mind. In conclusion, we used various software engineering principles and practices to deliver the complete documentation of the requirements, analysis and design phases of the proposed software product.Item Open Access Temperature and light effect on moth activity/numbers(University of the Free State, 2020) Seeqela, Ntsibiseng; Le Roux, AlizaIn this article, we are investigating the effects of temperature and light on moth activity or numbers. If the moths like warmer temperatures, then there will be more moths in warmer temperatures than in colder temperatures. If moths like high light pollution than low light pollution, then there will be more numbers of moths in urban areas where there is a high light pollution. There is scientific proof that moths are mostly active in warmer temperatures and in medium light pollution. The study was conducted at the sites where we are currently, at home, in different provinces which are Free State, Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal. We observed the number of moths that came to light in different temperatures and under different levels of light pollution in 3 time intervals. In this case, the results show that the hypotheses we were testing were not supported; meaning neither temperature nor light pollution affects the number of moths. This implies that we should find out more about what affects the activity/numbers of moths.Item Open Access Threats to biodiversity and the relevance and usefulness of biodiversity for sustainable development in biology within South Africa(University of the Free State, 2022) Ngcobo, OwamiBiodiversity is not sustainable because there are seven different threats impacting on it throughout the world. This was a scientific essay about the worldwide study on the relevance and usefulness of biodiversity and sustainable development globally, and how two chosen threats impacted on it. In addition, the study included a short reflection on biology, and how that science related to biodiversity particularly in South Africa. The body paragraphs had to give a definition of each threat, as well as examples of how and where these threats occur. In addition, this essay had to demonstrate how these threats could be alleviated and give relevant source referencing to substantiate the arguments. From this study it became evident that although global citizens do not yet realise the gravity of biodiversity loss, it already does have a severe impact on sustainable development in certain countries.Item Open Access Time and trees: An eco-critical analysis of temporality in Richard powers' the overstory(University of the Free State, 2022) Meintjes, Ananke; Strauss, H. J.This essay examines the concept of temporality and the ways that it features in and charges Richard Powers’ (2018) novel titled The Overstory. The issue of time represents the ultimate paradox in the minds of numerous researchers engaged in various fields of study and the majority of studies regarding this topic are linked with myopic frameworks that reduce time to a series of “now” and “near-future” moments (Dawson 2014: 285). This essay argues that an immersion in ecological time or ‘deep time’, as depicted in The Overstory (Powers 2018), encourages a crucial understanding of the interconnectedness that exists between humans and the natural world. In order to substantiate its main argument, this essay regards The Overstory (Powers 2018) as a narrative that expands the issue of time to accommodate its more comprehensive construct as temporality and also engages with information regarding temporality, contained in numerous research articles, throughout its contents. In so doing, this essay proves that an anthropocentric immersion in ‘deep time’ via narrative technique, structure, and characters is possible in literature.