Developing and enforcing fracking regulations to protect groundwater resources

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dc.contributor.authorEsterhuyse, S.
dc.contributor.authorVermeulen, D.
dc.contributor.authorGlazewski, J.
dc.date.accessioned2022-02-03T09:14:07Z
dc.date.available2022-02-03T09:14:07Z
dc.date.issued2022
dc.description.abstractUnconventional oil and gas (UOG) extraction can augment energy supplies in countries with viable gas resources, but it risks damaging water resources. Water supply problems for fracking can also limit UOG extraction, especially in water-stressed regions. Regulations are one of the main tools used to minimize UOG extraction impacts on water resources. Many states in the US and Canada have extensive regulations to protect water resources during UOG extraction but they are often ineffective, either because they were poorly drafted or because they are not properly enforced. South Africa is a water-scarce, groundwater-dependent country that is considering UOG extraction in the future. South African groundwater experts were surveyed on what regulations are needed to protect groundwater resources and how to enforce them. This study recommends specific UOG extraction regulations to protect groundwater resources, which are not only relevant to South Africa, but also to other countries that extract UOG resources.en_ZA
dc.description.versionPublisher's versionen_ZA
dc.identifierhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-021-00145-y
dc.identifier.citationEsterhuyse, S., Vermeulen, D., & Glazewski, J. (2022). Developing and enforcing fracking regulations to protect groundwater resources. npj Clean Water, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-021-00145-yen_ZA
dc.identifier.issn2059-7037
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11660/11380
dc.language.isoenen_ZA
dc.publisherNature Researchen_ZA
dc.rights.holderAuthor(s)en_ZA
dc.rights.licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectFrackingen_ZA
dc.subjectRegulationsen_ZA
dc.subjectGroundwater resourcesen_ZA
dc.subjectSouth African mountain club historyen_ZA
dc.subjectUnconventional oil and gas (UOG)en_ZA
dc.titleDeveloping and enforcing fracking regulations to protect groundwater resourcesen_ZA
dc.typeArticleen_ZA
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