Forged in secrecy, sealed in blood: the origin, initiation, symbolism, hierarchy and power dynamics within devil-worshipping gangs in the Free State province
| dc.contributor.author | Phillips, Ashwill | |
| dc.contributor.author | Cronje, M. | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2025-05-16T14:36:50Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2025-05-16T14:36:50Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2024 | |
| dc.description.abstract | An investigation by the South African Police Service in 1997 led to the discovery of a devil-worshipping group or ‘evil church’ that moved from parts of northern Africa and settled in Maseru, Lesotho. This group allegedly combined elements of the occult with traditional African witchcraft, giving rise to what local communities refer to as ‘devil-worshipping gangs’. Since 2011, these groups have evolved and spread throughout the Free State province, perpetrating crimes which range from murder to organ trafficking and rape. They have gained notoriety for committing ‘spiritually motivated’ crimes that include the consumption of human flesh, ritual stabbings, and purported communication with demonic entities. Despite their infamy, and the fear their gang-related practices induce, not much is known about these youth gangs. Extant research is primarily based on secondary data obtained from service providers and desktop analyses. Their enigmatic nature and complex structures also serve to complicate crime prevention efforts in communities, posing a plethora of social challenges and exacerbating crime rates. Accordingly, a qualitative study was conducted with 39 detained male offenders and 18 service providers to explore the existence of these groups and their unique practices related to initiation, symbolism, hierarchy and occult belief system. | |
| dc.description.version | Publisher's version | |
| dc.identifier.citation | Phillips, A.R. & Cronje, M. (2024). Forged in secrecy, sealed in blood: The origin, initiation, symbolism, hierarchy and power dynamics within devil worshipping gangs in the Free State Province. South African Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(3):313-339. https://doi.org/10.47348/SACJ/v37/i3a2 | |
| dc.identifier.issn | 1011-8527 (online) | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://doi.org/10.47348/SACJ/v37/i3a2 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/11660/13053 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.publisher | University of the Free State | |
| dc.rights.holder | University of the Free State | |
| dc.title | Forged in secrecy, sealed in blood: the origin, initiation, symbolism, hierarchy and power dynamics within devil-worshipping gangs in the Free State province | |
| dc.type | Article |