Stacked marginality, multiple axes of disadvantage, and precarious pathways among South African women experiencing homelessness

Despite their public visibility, women experiencing homelessness remain hidden figures in academic and policy discourses, where these narratives frequently overlook their experiences or confine them to temporary categories such as those residing in shelters or engaged in sex work. The aim of the study was to examine the lived experiences and service needs of women experiencing homelessness, recognizing the multiple and intersecting forms of disadvantage that shape their pathways and outcomes. Using a quantitative survey design, data were collected from 52 women who were marginally housed, currently experiencing homelessness, or retrospectively reporting on their experiences. Responses indicated high levels of early exposure to adversity (88.2%), with pathways into homelessness ranging from substance use (80.8%) to unemployment (47.1%) and lack of housing (25.5%). High rates of victimization (64.7%), criminal justice involvement (63.5% arrested), physical health challenges (44.2%), experiences of legal and social exclusion, including discrimination (56.9%) and only 25.5% reporting respect for their constitutional rights, highlighting their multifaceted vulnerabilities. Considering the orientation toward addressing homelessness in South Africa, social workers are well positioned to draw on the findings of the study to advocate for inclusive and intersectional approaches that facilitate contextually sensitive, social justice and human rights-based responses to homelessness.