Exercise and Sport Sciences

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    The motor proficiency of obese 8-11 year old children
    (University of the Free State, 2005) Potgieter, Carolina Frederika; Botes, S. L.; Coetzee, F. F.
    English: A rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity in children has been seen around the world. There was a 60% increase in the prevalence of being overweight and a 70% increase in the prevalence of obesity between 1989 and 1998 (Ogden et al., 1997:1, Reilly et al., 1999:1039, Martorell et al., 2000:959). What’s more, motor abilities can be influenced by excess weight from a very early age. Groups of normal weight and obese babies were compared, and a delayed gross motor development was found in the obese. A significant correlation was found between excessive weight and gross motor delay. Over the following year, both weight and motor development reverted to normal in the majority of infants (Jaffe & Kosakov, 1982:619). Parizkova (1996) found that the potential deteriorating effect of excess fat on dynamic performance increases with age and the longer the duration of obesity. This researcher discovered that in preschool children, the effect of increased weight and body mass index is only apparent in some areas, such as broad jump and the 20 meter dash, and much less so in other measured variables. The significant effect of increased weight and fat is most marked during puberty. From the above mentioned statistics and research, the question is raised on whether obesity has an influence on the motor proficiency of 8-11 year old children. The first goal of the study was to identify 30 children with obesity (age 8-11) and 30 non-obese children (age 8-11) to form the control group. Body mass index was used as criterium to determine obesity. Boys with a body mass index of 18- 21kg/m2 and girls with a body mass index of 18-22 kg/m2 were identified as obese, while the control group all had a body mass index of less than 18kg/m2. Fat percentage was determined using the Heath and Carter method (skinfolds of the triceps, sub-scapula, para-umbilicus, supra-iliac, medial thigh and medial calf) (Heath and Carter, 1969:57). Furthermore, somatotyping has been used for the estimation of body composition. Somatotyping of an individual is expressed by a three digit evaluation comprising three consecutive numbers (rated from lowest to highest, 1-7) and always listed in the same order. Each number represents the evaluation of a basic component, endomorphy (relating to relative adipose), mesomorphy (relating to skeletal muscle development), and ectomorphy (relating to the relative linearity of the body). There after, the obese (n=30) and non-obese (n=30) children, age 8-11, were evaluated with the Bruininks-Oseretsky test (Bruininks, 1978) to determine their motor proficiency. The Bruiniks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency is an individually administered test that assesses the motor functioning of children from 4½ to 14½ years of age. The complete battery – eight subtests (Running Speed and Agility, Balance, Bilateral Coordination, Strength, Upper Limb Speed, Response Speed, Visual Motor Control and Upper Limb Coordination and Dexterity) comprised of 46 separate items – provides a comprehensive index of motor proficiency as well as separate measures of both gross and fine motor skills. The Short Form – 14 items from the Complete Battery – provides a brief survey of general motor proficiency (Bruininks, 1978:11). The data was analyzed by means of the t-test. This test was used because it is the most commonly used method to evaluate the differences in means between two groups. The study revealed that there was no significant difference in any age group (8, 9, 10 or 11) between the motor proficiency of obese versus non-obese children. This is in contrast with the hypothesis that states that there will be a significant difference between the motor proficiency of obese versus non-obese children. Although the study can conclude that there was no major difference between the two groups, obesity remains a concern. The prevalence of this epidemic is rising year after year and it is therefore recommended that obesity should be prevented as far as possible and that those who suffer from obesity should be treated as soon as they are diagnosed with obesity. Treatment of obesity is most successful if realistic goals are set; a balanced diet is emphasized; a safe rate of weight loss of about 0.5 kg a week is achieved through moderate reduction of energy intake (about 20-25% decrease); increased physical activity is emphasized as much as diet; parental support is strong and behavior therapy is provided to help both child and parents achieve the diet, exercise and behavior goals (Frühbeck, 2000:328). Another concern is that the motor proficiency of children between 8 and 11 years is not what it is suppose to be. Both the obese and non-obese group had a low score of motor proficiency, which means that they were probably never exposed to appropriate motor development in their early childhood years. It is therefore recommended that more attention be given to early motor development to help children improve their motor proficiency which is essential for the performance of specialized movements in later childhood and adolescence. Motor development programs may be implemented in pre-school and primary schools as part of the curriculum.