Masters Degrees (Medical Microbiology)

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Browsing Masters Degrees (Medical Microbiology) by Subject "Cell-mediated"

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    Preparation and immunogenicity of a candidate replicon based yellow fever vaccine
    (University of the Free State, 2014-12) Viljoen, Natalie; Burt, Felicity Jane
    English: Yellow fever virus (YFV), a mosquito-borne virus that belongs to the family Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in yellow fever endemic areas, especially in West Africa. In humans, YFV causes yellow fever, a disease characterised by renal failure, jaundice, and/or haemorrhage. The burden of disease is highest in Africa constituting approximately 90% of reported cases worldwide. Despite the availability of highly efficacious live attenuated vaccines against YFV, the estimated prevalence for yellow fever in Africa was 130 000 severe cases and 78 000 deaths for 2013. The available live attenuated vaccines have been contraindicated for use in immunocompromised patients and individuals with hypersensitivity to eggs and/or chicken. Vaccine-associated neurotropic adverse events that result in the development of meningoencephalitis in infants and vaccine-associated viscerotropic adverse events that result in disease resembling wild-type yellow fever have been reported. Vaccine-associated viscerotropic adverse events are associated with fatality rates exceeding 40%. Therefore, there is a need for a safer alternative to complement the use of the available live attenuated vaccines. The aim of this study was to construct a DNA-launched candidate vaccine against YFV and to determine the immunogenicity of the DNA-launched pSinED-lll replicon, which would provide information regarding the applicability of DNA-launched replicons as an approach to vaccine development. The pSinGFP replicon encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was kindly provided by Prof. Mark Heise. Expression of the GFP was confirmed in mammalian cell culture post-transfection with the pSinGFP replicon, thus confirming the functioning of the replicon elements and subsequent expression of the encoded protein. The gene encoding the GFP was excised and replaced with a synthesised codon-optimised gene encoding the YFV ED-lll protein using directional cloning. The nucleotide sequence was confirmed by bidirectional sequencing at the site of insertion and subsequently protein expression was confirmed in selected mammalian cell lines. Protein expression was confirmed by detection of the C-terminal histidine tag by immunofluorescence using anti-His6 mouse monoclonal antibody. Thereafter, the expressed protein was characterised by immunofluorescence using mouse immune sera previously shown to contain anti-YFV ED-lll antibody. Reactivity of the expressed protein with anti-YFV ED-lll antibody substantiated the use of the pSinED-lll replicon in a mouse immunisation study. Mice were immunised intramuscularly according to pre-approved immunisation regimes consisting of DNA only, as well as mixed modal immunisation regimes. Serum samples were collected and spleens were harvested two weeks after the administration of the final immunisations. Serum samples were screened for anti-YFV antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence to determine the induction of a humoral immune response. Five of the twenty mice in groups immunised with the DNA-launched pSinED-lll replicon developed low level antibody responses illustrating the potential of the pSinED-lll replicon to induce a humoral immune response. Splenocytes were stimulated in cell culture with concanavalin A, YFV ED-lll protein, or no stimulant to facilitate the detection of cytokine release using ELISA’s. A predominantly T-helper 1 cell-mediated immune response characterised by high level release of interferon-γ post-stimulation with the YFV ED-lll protein in vitro was elicited. The release of interleukin-10 post-stimulation may be associated with the prevention of immunologically mediated damage to the host by preventing an overzealous inflammatory immune response. Antibody-mediated anti-vector immunity should not negatively impact the immunogenicity of the DNA-launched pSinED-lll replicon as antibody directed against the encoded Sindbis virus non-structural proteins was not detected in mouse sera. In conclusion, the pSinED-lll replicon was shown to have the potential to induce both a cell-mediated and a humoral immune response post-immunisation. However, optimisation of the humoral immune response will be required.