Masters Degrees (Consumer Science)
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Browsing Masters Degrees (Consumer Science) by Author "Steyn, H. J. H."
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Item Open Access The evaluation of electro-chemically activated water as an alternative detergent for polyamide and machine washable wool(University of the Free State, 2010-05) Van Heerden, Natasha; Steyn, H. J. H.English: The electro-chemical activation of aqueous media is relatively new technology. The alkaline part of the activated media (catholyte) is used in a wide variety of applications due to outstanding detergency properties. The standard phosphate based detergents currently used by consumers cause a negative impact on the environment. Catholyte provides an environmental friendlier alternative as it returns to be neutral water within 48 hours after activation. Although catholyte may be an environmentally friendly medium for washing, the influence that it has on the properties of textile materials, for example wool and polyamide is still only based upon speculation. Little is also known about the soil removal efficiency of this medium on wool and polyamide. The aim of this study was to evaluate electro-chemically activated water (catholyte) as an alternative detergent for machine washable wool and polyamide 6,6. This was done by determining the influence of catholyte on certain important properties of these textile fabrics as well as the soil removal efficiency. The machine washable wool and polyamide 6,6 textile fabrics were laundered at 30°C and 40°C with catholyte, phosphate detergent or distilled water for five, ten, twenty or fifty laundering cycles respectively. The standard test methods for laundering (AATCC 61) and measuring the tearing strength (ASTM D1424), tensile strength (ISO/SANS 13934-1), wrinkle recovery (AATCC 66), bending length (BS 3356), soil removal (AATCC 135) and dimensional change were used. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the statistical interpretation of the results obtained. Catholyte, detergent and distilled water caused a significant decrease in the tearing strength of both the polyamide 6,6 and wool fabrics. The temperature had no significant influence on the tearing strength of polyamide 6,6 fabric although it caused a significant decrease in the tearing strength of wool. The number of laundering cycles caused a significant decrease in the tearing strength of the warp yarns of polyamide 6,6 as well as the weft and warp yarns of wool, however it did not have a significant influence on the weft yarns of polyamide 6,6. Catholyte, detergent and distilled water as well as the temperature and number of laundering cycles did not have a significant influence on the tensile strength on the weft yarns of the polyamide 6,6. It did however cause a significant decrease in tensile strength of the warp yarns of polyamide 6,6 and the weft and warp yarns of wool. Catholyte, detergent and distilled water as well as the temperature and number of laundering cycles had a significant influence on the bending length (stiffness) of polyamide 6,6 and wool, causing the fabric to become stiffer. Catholyte, detergent and distilled water caused a significant increase in the wrinkle recovery in the weft of polyamide 6,6 and decrease in wrinkle recovery in the weft of wool. It did not have a significant influence in the warp of wool and polyamide 6,6. The temperature had no significant influence on the wrinkle recovery of the wool and weft of polyamide, although it caused a significant fluctuation in the warp of polyamide 6,6. The number of laundering cycles caused a significant fluctuation in the wrinkle recovery of the polyamide 6,6 and wool fabrics. Catholyte, detergent and distilled water, as well as the temperature and number of laundering cycles did not have a significant influence on the dimensional stability of polyamide 6,6. It did however cause the wool fabric to shrink significantly. Catholyte and detergent proved to be significantly effective in removing soil from polyamide 6,6 and wool. The temperature only had a significant influence on soil removal from the wool.Item Open Access Food preferences of international students at the University of the Free State(University of the Free State, 2016) El Ogrban, Izdehar Emhemmed; Steyn, H. J. H.; Vermaas, J. F.No abstract availableItem Open Access The water, energy and soil removal efficiency of a top and a front loader washing machine(University of the Free State, 2011-11) Seiphetlheng, Kgalalelo; Steyn, H. J. H.English: Water and energy are used in the domestic laundering processes for optimum soil and stain removal. Water and energy conservation are important issues in the quest for more environment friendly household practices. Washing machines have been invented as household gadgets making laundry easier and faster. Common types of washing machine include top loaders, front loaders and twin tubs. Literature indicate that top loaders use less electricity but more water and front loaders use less water but more electricity. However efficient soil removal is the main concern of the consumer. The purpose of the study was to determine water, energy and soil removal efficiency of a top loader and a front loader washing machine. A quantitative research strategy was used and controlled experiments were conducted in order to attain accurate data. An 8.0 kg capacity top loader and an 8.5 kg capacity front loader of the same manufacturer were purchased. The “daily wash program” and the “quick wash program” of both machines were selected as wash programs for the project. Cold wash (water at room temperature) was used for the top loader and cold wash, 30 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C for the front loader. A 5kg load of 3 samples of C-09 cotton (soiled with pigment oil, purchased from CFT) and cotton filler cloths were used for each wash cycle and each cycle repeated three times. The efficiency of the machines and programs to remove stains were tested on the following stains: CS-103 red wine, CS-12 blackcurrant, CS-BC-03 tea, C-BC-02 coffee, CS-28 rice starch, CS-26 corn starch, CS-6 dressing, CS-73 locust bean gum, CS-54 oatmeal/chocolate, CS-38 egg yolk/pigment, CS-01 blood, C-05 blood/milk/ink, CS-08 grass, CS-02 cocoa, C-10 pigment/oil/milk, C-02 olive oil/soot, CS-32 sebum bey, CS-17 make-up and CS-216 lipstick. 60g Non phosphate ECE reference detergent without optical brightener was used. Redeposition of soil was determined on CN-11 white cotton. The drained water was collected and measured in litres. The energy consumption was measured in watt-hour in every program. Soil removal was measured with a colorimeter in CIE L*a*b* colour scale (AATCC test method 61-2010) and an analysis of variance was used to aid in the interpretation of the data. The results of the study indicate that, the top loader used more water than the front loader. The daily wash used more water than the quick wash in both the top loader and front loader. The front loader used more energy than the top loader at cold wash. More energy was used in the daily wash than quick wash of the front loader. It was also evident that the daily wash program in both machines was more efficient in soil and stain removal than the quick wash. At cold wash the daily wash was more efficient in soil and stain removal than the quick wash program but at 60 °C there was no difference in the rate of stain removal in both the quick and daily wash programs. The best soil and stain removal was observed at 60 °C in both the quick and daily programs. The top loader machine used more water, less energy and removed less soil and stain. It was also evident that, the front loader washing machine is more efficient in soil and stain removal and it uses less water but it uses more energy than the top loader machine.