Masters Degrees (Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences)

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Browsing Masters Degrees (Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences) by Author "de Waal, H. O."

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    Animal performance and utilization of opuntia-based diets by sheep
    (University of the Free State, 2008-05) Einkamerer, Ockert Bernard; de Waal, H. O.
    English: Incremental levels of sun-dried and coarsely ground cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica var.Algerian) cladodes were used to substitute part of the lucerne hay in balanced diets and fed to 28 Dorper wethers. The extent to which sun-dried and coarsely ground Opuntia cladodes can be incorporated in balanced sheep diets without effecting sheep performance was investigated over a period of 70 days. The three treatment diets (T0, T24 and T36) used in this study comprised respectively (air-dry basis) 0, 240 and 360 g/kg sun-dried, coarsely ground Opuntia; 660, 410 and 285 g/kg coarsely ground lucerne hay; 300 g/kg yellow maize meal; 0, 10 and 15 g/kg feed grade urea; and 40 g/kg molasses meal. The dry matter intake (DMI) varied little between diets but the apparent digestibility increased [P<0.05; 71.4% (T0) vs. 75.6% (T36)]. The average daily gain (ADG) of the wethers decreased slightly as Opuntia inclusion increased. This suggests that the overall effects of the diets on the performance of the wethers were small. As the inclusion level of Opuntia increased in the diets, the water intake of the wethers also increased (P<0.05; T0 vs. T36), while urine excretion showed little increase (P>0.05). The faeces DM excreted remained the same for all diets, but with the higher levels of Opuntia inclusion the DM content of the faeces excreted visibly decreased considerably. It is suggested that the mucilage ingested via the Opuntia and present in the digestive tract of the wethers may have interacted with the water fraction in the digesta, rendering some of the water unavailable for absorption. Hence, the wethers were compelled to drink more water to compensate for this extra water loss via the faeces. The wetter faeces were assumed to be the result of diarrhoea by some researchers, but the wet faeces lacked the customary foul smell associated with diarrhoea. Opuntia inclusion in the diets had no effect on carcass characteristics of the wethers (weight, fat thickness, surface area of musculus longissimus dorsi and relative tissue coefficients). This suggests that the effect of Opuntia in the treatment diets on the carcass weight and quality of the wethers were small. From these results, it seems that, irrespective of the dietary treatment, adequate nutrients for sheep maintenance and production was supplied by the diets. Sun-dried and ground Opuntia cladodes can be seen as an alternative feed supplement in semi-arid and arid regions of most countries that can be included in sheep maintenance or production diets without any detrimental effects on animal performance or carcass quality. It is recommended that research should focus on the formulation of Opuntia-based production diets with a high energy content, to be used in feedlots. The effect of mucilage on the wetter faeces excreted by sheep 61 on Opuntia-based diets and what happens in the alimentary canal also needs further investigation.