Masters Degrees (Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences)

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Browsing Masters Degrees (Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences) by Author "De Witt, F. H."

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    Effect of dietary lipid saturation on layer production and egg quality
    (University of the Free State, 2012-07) King, Ernest John; De Witt, F. H.; Van der Merwe, H. J.; Hugo, A.
    English: A study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid saturation on nutrient digestibility, egg production and egg quality characteristics of laying hens during peak production (≤ 42 weeks of age). Five isoenergetic (12.6 MJ AME/kg DM) and isonitrogenous (170 g CP/kg DM) diets were formulated with a 30 g/kg lipid inclusion level, using a blend (50 / 50) of fish- and linseed oil (control n-3), pure fish oil (polyunsaturated n- 3), sunflower oil (polyunsaturated n-6), high oleic acid (HO) sunflower oil (monounsaturated n-9) and tallow (saturated fatty acid treatment). The blend of fish- and linseed oil blend were used to increase the α-linolenic acid content of the control n-3 diet, while fish oil was used in the polyunsaturated n-3 diet to increase the concentration of eicosopentaenoic- (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) fatty acids primarily. Sunflower oil and HO sunflower oil was used to increase the linoleic- and oleic acid in the polyunsaturated n-6 and monounsaturated n-9 diets respectively, whereas tallow was used to increase palmitic- and stearic acid levels in the saturated fatty acid (SFA) treatment. Two hundred, individually caged Hy-Line Silver Brown hens (20 weeks of age) were randomly allocated to the five dietary treatments (n = 40 replicates/treatment) and received the respective experimental diets. During 24, 28, 32, 36 and 40 weeks of age, all eggs produced were recorded, individually weighed and used for analysis of internal and external egg qualities. While feed intake of hens was measured weekly, body weights were determined monthly. Data for the respective collection weeks were pooled for calculation of parameter means during statistical analysis. During the mentioned weeks eggs were evaluated for shell quality and internal egg quality. During week 30 of age, 12 eggs per treatment were also randomly selected for analyses of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and peroxide value (PV) while another 12 eggs were stored at 4oC for analyses after 28 days. At the end of the study (42 weeks of age) six birds per treatment were used to determine the effects of dietary lipid saturation on nutrient digestibility. Dietary lipid saturation had no effect (P > 0.05) on feed intake as well as most of the nutrient digestibility coefficients, except in the case of crude protein (P < 0.05) and fat (P < 0.0001), whereby the monounsaturated n-9 diet resulted in the highest (P < 0.05) CP digestibility which differs statistically only with that of the polyunsaturated n-6 diet, but not with any of the other dietary treatments. Therefore, no clear influence of dietary lipid saturation on apparent digestibility of CP could be detected. Furthermore, all poly- and monounsaturated diets had a higher fat digestibility (94.2 to 95.6%) than the SFA diet (90.4%). Although both the polyunsaturated n-6 and control n-3 treatments had the lowest (P < 0.01) apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and AME corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) values, no clear trend regarding dietary lipid saturation on nutrient digestibility could be established. Similarly to nutrient digestibility results, dietary lipid saturation resulted in a limited significant response on production parameters tested without any recognisable trends. The SFA treatment resulted in the lowest (P < 0.015) percentage sellable eggs, while feed efficiency (P < 0.001) and percentage eggshell (P < 0.05) was the lowest for the monounsaturated n-9 and polyunsaturated n-6 treatments respectively. Evaluating internal egg qualities, the control n-3 and polyunsaturated n-3 treatments had the lowest (P < 0.0001) egg yolk colour compared to that of the SFA which resulted in the highest colour score. Additionally, the FAME of egg yolk was successfully altered to represent that of the particular dietary treatment without any detrimental effects on the total fat content (P = 0.24), fat free dry matter (P = 0.17) or moisture (P = 0.66) content of egg yolk. The polyunsaturated n-3 treatment was highly effective (P < 0.0001) in increasing the EPA and DHA concentration of egg yolk, whereas a general increase in the dietary n-3 content resulted in a decreased (P < 0.0001) ratio of n-6 / n-3 for both the control n-3 and polyunsaturated n-3 diets. Both the SFA and monounsaturated n-9 treatments resulted in the lowest (P < 0.0001) TBARS for both time periods, whereas the polyunsaturated n-3 treatment resulted in the highest (P < 0.001) TBARS for both fresh and stored eggs (0.27 mg malonaldehyde / kg yolk during both time periods). From the results of the current study it can be concluded that although fat digestion was lower for the SFA treatment, AME values did not differ between treatments. With the exception of the SFA treatment that resulted in less sellable eggs, no influence of lipid saturation on egg production and external egg shell qualities could be detected. The results showed that PUFA n-3 diets could be successfully used to enrich the essential n-3 fatty acids of eggs. However, lipid oxidation stability as well as yolk colour was negatively influenced by an increase in PUFA n-3 type fatty acids.