Doctoral Degrees (Haematology and Cell Biology)

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Browsing Doctoral Degrees (Haematology and Cell Biology) by Author "Viljoen, C. D."

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    Monitoring of genetically modified food products in South Africa
    (University of the Free State, 2010-12) Marx, Gertruida M.; Viljoen, C. D.
    English: Globally, South Africa is the eighth largest producer of GM crops and also imports GM food. In addition to the promise of increased agricultural production, the introduction of GM crops is also having an impact on society in terms of consumer acceptance and trade. As a result, most countries manage GMOs in terms of development, use and application as well as require mandatory GM labelling for consumer preference. With an increase in GM developments, monitoring the food chain in terms of GM labelling and unapproved GM events will continue to pose a regulatory challenge. The aims of this thesis were the following: 1. To determine the uptake of GM food into the food chain; 2. To study the application of voluntary GM labelling; 3. To investigate the impact of mandatory GM labelling; and 4. To establish a monitoring system to detect illegal GMOs in South Africa. Until 2005 it was assumed that there were only low levels of GM crop in the food chain, based on production volumes. However, results from this thesis have shown that 76% of food products tested positive for the presence of GM in 2005. There was also no consideration of mandatory GM labelling as it was thought that voluntary GM labelling was successfully being applied in South Africa. Despite this, 31% of products labelled to indicate an absence of GM, such as “GMO free”, “non-GM” and “organic”, contained genetic modification above 1%, and 20% of these contained more than 5% genetic modification. These results demonstrated the extent of GM in the food chain in South Africa and highlighted the fact that voluntary GM labelling does not protect consumers against misleading claims. In 2008, the Consumer Protection Act mandated the labelling of GM in food products and ingredients. However, there was a lot of uncertainty as to how this would impact the food industry. The subsequent research on the impact of mandatory GM labelling in South Africa determined that 67% of maize and 54% of soybean products will have to be labelled for GM content. In addition to this, GM was also detected in 50% of products labelled to indicate an absence of GM. Furthermore, results indicated that the use of either a 1% or 5% threshold does not make a considerable difference in terms of the number of products implicated. The use of the term “may contain genetic modification” as suggested by draft regulations to the Consumer Protection Act may provide a cost effective manner in which GM labelling can be applied in a developing country similar to South Africa, as it would reduce costs in terms of GM detection. The draft regulations for the Consumer Protection Act also make provision to indicate the absence of GM below a threshold that does not included terminology such as ”GMO free” or “non-GM”. Furthermore, the draft regulations do not require third party verification and compliance will mainly be self-regulating. The implication of this is that consumers or consumer groups will become responsible for policing the application of GM labelling in South Africa. Finally, this thesis presents a GM monitoring scheme for unapproved GMOs, that have not been proven safe for human health and/or the environment. The scheme has the advantage of being cost effective and can be applied to the regulatory situation in any country, taking approved GM events into consideration. The scheme was applied to off-the-shelf food products in South Africa to determine the presence of illegal GMOs. Even though no unapproved GM events were detected, a potential illegal import of GM soybean event A2704-12 was found. It was also found that an approved GM soybean event was comingled with rice and wheat products, although not indicated in the ingredients. The research emanating from this thesis has contributed to inform discussions that have resulted in the inclusion of mandatory GM labelling in the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008. It is hoped that the research on the application of mandatory GM labelling and the monitoring for unapproved GM events in the food chain will have a similar impact on the regulatory system in South Africa.