Chronicles of the experiences of orphaned students in a higher education institution in Kwazulu-Natal
Abstract
English: Given the escalating number of orphans globally, orphanhood and caring for the orphaned
has become one of the major challenges faced by societies. In South Africa, the major goal
for the supportive initiatives and developments is to meet the needs of a democratic society.
This growing numbers of Orphaned and Vulnerable Children (OVC’s) may have
considerable impact on the higher education institutions (HEIs) and on the lives of higher
education (HE) students. One of the consequences of challenges faced by students in HEIs
is characterised by the recent access of students from diverse historical, educational, socioeconomic
and socio-cultural backgrounds. Access to students from diverse backgrounds
previously unrepresented in HE, the disadvantaged and orphaned, is still a challenge for
HEIs and to some extent contributes to them giving up their studies or dropping out.
Working within the critical emancipatory paradigm, this study seeks to chronicle the
experiences of orphaned students at a HEI; to give them a platform on which to voice their
perceptions through critical engagement in meaning-making discourses about their lives and
circumstances. An eclectic mix of Critical Emancipatory Research (CER) and
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory (BEST) is utilised with the understanding that
orphanhood is a social challenge; and inorder to make any interventions the outcomes are to
be psychosocially, historically, politically and culturally responsive or appropriate to
individuals who are pushed to margins of the society. While CER in this study addresses
issues such as empowerment in contexts, inequality, oppression, domination, suppression,
alienation, power and transformation, Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological systems theory is
adopted to focus on the quality of interrelationship between HE orphaned students and their
contexts.
Methodologically, this qualitative study presents how CER and BEST principles are
integrated within Participatory Action Research (PAR), an approach which enhances
collaborative engagements, and empowers students to take decision by putting theory into
practice. A single case study was chosen and utilised to allow for in-depth explorations of the
participants’ experiences and how they address orphanhood needs and challenges in a HEI.
Purposive snowballing sampling was utilised to identify participants. To generate data from
one-on-one and focus group discussions (FGDs), reflection journals and verbal reflections, a
Free Attitude Interview (FAI) technique was employed. Considering the sensitive nature of
reliving the past in this study, ethical considerations were observed to guard against possible ethical dilemmas, and the less obvious yet harmful effects of research. Critical Discourse
Analysis (CDA) approach was utilised to analyse written texts and spoken words to reveal
the discursive sources of power, dominance, inequality, and bias and how these sources are
initiated, maintained and transformed within specific contexts.
The findings and conclusions of the study have proved the existence of orphaned students in
HEI. Further highlighted is how issues of orphanhood, economic challenges and poverty are
embedded in how this impact on academic performance, curricula needs and approaches
relevant for pre-service teachers. Therefore, following engagement in transformative and
participatory methods that embraces students’ capabilities, form basis for psychosocial
empowerment. As a recommendation based on findings and conclusions, I have suggested
that further studies on the application, monitoring and evaluation of the strategies for care
and support framework of the orphaned in an HEI and how these could be linked to and
applied utilising participatory approaches (PAR). Further recommendations include preservice
training programmes on psychosocial development; review of HE policies focussing
on accessibility and relevancy and creation of ongoing support and mentoring programmes
for the students to feel effectively empowered and emancipated in the years spent in HEI an
implication for improved rates of input and output. Afrikaans: Weens die groeiende aantal weeskinders wêreldwyd, het weesouerloosheid en die sorg vir
die weesouerlose een van die grootste uitdagings vir die samelewing geword. In Suid-Afrika,
is een van die vernaamste doelwitte vir ontwikkeling en ondersteundsinitiatiewe om die
behoeftes van ’n demokratiese samelewing na te kom. Die groeiende aantal Wees-en
Kwesbare Kinders (WKK) mag ’n aansienlike uitwerking hê op Hoër Onderwys Instellings
(HOI) en op die lewens van studente in Hoër Onderwys. Een van die gevolge van die
uitdagings wat HOI studente in die gesig staar, word gekenmerk deur die onlangse
groeiende toegang tot Hoër Onderwys deur studente vanuit verskillende geskiedkundige,
opvoedkundige, sosio-ekonomiese en sosio-kulturele agtergronde. Toegang aan student
van diverse agtergronde, wat voorheen onverteenwoordig in Hoer Onderwys was, die
minderbevoorregtes en weesouerlose, is nog steeds ’n uitdaging vir HOI en dra tot ’n
sekere mate daartoe by dat studente of hulstudies opskop of staak.
Deur die gebruik van ’n kritiese vrystellende paradigma, beoog hierdie studie om die
ervarings van weesouerlose studente by ’n HOI ten boek te stel; om sodoende ’n platvorm te
skep waar studente hul waarnemings kan uitspreek, deur krities om te gaan met diskoerse
oor betekenisonderhandeling wat betrekking het tot hul eie lewens en omstandighede. ’n
Eklektiese vermenging van Kritiese Vrystellende Navorsing (KVN) en Bronfenbrenner se
Ekologiese Sistematiese Teorie (BEST) is gebruik met die verstandhouding dat
weesouerloosheid ’n sosiale uitdaging is; sodat, om enige bemiddeling te laat plaasvind, die
uitslae psigososiaal, geskiedkundig, polities en kultureel responsief of van pas moet wees vir
gemarginaliseerde individue in die samelewing. Terwyl die KVN in hierdie studie strydpunte
soos bemagtiging in kontekste, ongelykheid, onderdrukking, oorheersing, vervreemding,
mag en transformasie aanspreek, is BEST aangeneem om klem te lê op die gehalte van die
binne-verwantskap tussen weesouerlose studente in Hoër Onderwys en hulle kontekste.
Metodologies bied hierdie kwalitatiewe studie aan hoe KVN en BEST se grondbeginsels
geïntegreer is binne Deelnemende Aksie Navorsing (DAN), ’n benadering wat
samewerkende deelname verhoog, en studente bemagig om besluite te neem deur teorie in
die prakties toe te pas. ’n Enkele gevalestudie is gekies en gebruik om toe te laat vir ’n in
diepte ondersoekende studie van die deelnemers se ervarings en hoe hulle hul behoeftes
en uitdagings as weesouerloses in HOI aanspreek. ’n Doelbewuste sneeubal metode is
gebruik on deelnemers te identifiseer. Om data voort te bring is van een-tot-een en fokusgroep besprekings (FGS), nadenkende dagboeke en mondelinge oordenkings, sowel
as ’n Vrye Gesindheidsonderhoudtegniek (VGO) gebruik gemaak.Deur die inagneming van
die sensitiewe aard van die herlewing van die verlede in hierdie studie, is etiese oorwegings
gemaak om te waak teen moontlike etiese dilemmas, en die minder klaarblyklike tog
skadelike nagevolge van navorsing.’n Kritiese Diskoers Ontledingsbenadering (KDO) is
gebruik om geskrewe tekste en gesproke woorde te ontleed om die beredenerende bronne
van mag, oorheersing, dominansie, ongelykheid en veroordeling te openbaar asook hoe
hierdie bronne ingelei, onderhou en vervorm is binne spesifieke kontekste.
Die bevindinge en gevolgtrekkings van hierdie studie het die bestaan van weesouerlose
studente in HOI bevestig. Verder is beklemtoon hoe kwessies van weesouerloosheid,
ekonomiese uitdagings en armoede ineengebed is en hoe die kwessies akademiese
werksprestasie, leerplan behoeftes en benaderings toepaslik vir
indiensopleidingsonderwysers, beïnvloed. Dus, vorm die navolging van en verbintenis tot
transformerende en deelnemend metodes wat studente se vermoëns omhels, die basis vir
psigososiale bemagtiging.
As ’n aanbeveling gegrond op die bevindinge en gevolgtrekkings,van die studie, stel ek voor
dat verdere studies oor die aanwending, monitor en evaluering van die strategieë vir sorg en
ondersteuningsraamwerke van die weesouerlose in ‘n HOI gedoen moet word, asook hoe
die begenoemde aspekte gekoppel kan word aan en toegepas kan word deur gebruik te
maak van ’n deelnemende benadering. Verdere aanbevellings sluit in
indienseopleidingsprogramme oor psigososiale ontwikkeling; ’n oorsigvan HOI beleide met
die fokus op toeganklikheid en toepaslikheid, asook die skepping van deurlopende
ondersteuning-en mentorprogramme vir die student om doeltreffend bemagtig en
geëmansipeer te voel tydens hul jare in ’n HOI, ’n implikasie vir verbeterde inset en uitset.
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