Determining the canning quality of small seeded white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Abstract
English: It is important to the producers, processors and consumers in
south Africa to have dry bean cultivars with acceptable
canning quality. Therefore, dry bean breeders needs sui table
screening methods to evaluate the various lines at an early
stage (F4) when only small amounts of seed are available.
A micro-canning method to evaluate canning beans .in tomato
sauce has been developed and compared to the commercial
processing procedures with comparable results. External
factors that influenced the canning quality like the water quality were investigated. This micro-canning method could
therefore be used to investigate the effect of genotype and
environment interactions that significantly influenced the
canning quality.
The objectives of this study were to:
o Evaluate different qeriet i.c material for use as parents in
the breeding program.
$ To obtain a better understanding of canning quality
characteristics of beans and to ensure that the most
important characteristics are evaluated and the component
interrelationships. • Determine the genotypic, environmental and genotype x
environment interactions that influenced the canning
quality.
• To ascertain the patterns of interrelationships of the
canning quality parameters and chemical analysis.
• To investigate the patterns and relationships between
standard and choice grade cultivars.
e To investigate stability of locali ties between seasons as
well as the clustering of different environments and
seasons.
Small seeded white beans, carioca and yellow haricot beans
were used to determine variability in canning quality but as a
result of a lower canning quality of coloured beans, only
small seeded white beans were used for further investigations.
As result of the investigations of different
a
characteristics, only the seed size, water absorption during
soaking and canning, the texture and subjective visual
appearance evaluations were used to determine canning quality. These characteristics were interrelated but single no
parameter could explain variation' in canning quality.
Canonical correlation analysis was used to determine to what
extent variation of chemical components was responsible for
differences in canning quality and these results indicated that mainly potassium and calcium would influence the water
absorption and texture, respectively.
Canonical variate analysis was used to determine the
difference between unacceptable, standard and choice grade
cultivars. A model was described from these analysis that
could be applied to independent data sets that results in
coordinates that differentiates the lines or cultivars as
unacceptable, standard and choice grade.
Significant interactions between genotype, environmental and
seasonal effects for canning quality traits indicated that
cultivar responses to variation in localities and seasons
differ. Environmental effects resulted in inconsistent quality
measurements since trait expression is strongly influenced by
genotype x environment interactions.
Results from this study suggested that the difference between
cultivars could therefore be due to a complex interaction of
the chemical and structural composition, which is genetically
determined and influenced by the anv i ronmen t . as well as the
changes that occur during processing.
The Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction
(AMMI) model mainly grouped KwaZulu-Natal separately as a region with poor canning quality. The rest of South Africa's
localities grouped different for each season.
Resulting from this investigation, several recommendations can
be made:
c Breeding material should be tested fo~ more than one season
in order to select superior and more stable lines.
o Elimination of canning quality evaluations of KwaZulu-Natal
could improve the genetic progress.
• Exploitation of the interactions by breeding for specific
adaptation in a region of homogeneous area.
Demarcating one or two areas in South Africa for the exclusive
production of small white canning beans could improve the
overall canning quality of the small white bean production in
South Africa. Afrikaans: Dit is belangrik vir die produsente, prosesseerders en
verbruikers in Suid-Afrika om droëboon kultivars met 'n
aanvaarbare inmaakkwaliteit tot hulle beskiking te hê. Die
droëboonteler moet dus verskillende lyne in die teelprogram
reeds in 'n vroeë staduim toets wanneer slegs klein
hoeveelhede saad beskikbaar is. 'n Mikro-inmaakmetode om kleinsadige wit bone in tamatiesous
te toets is ontwikkel en vergelyk met die kommersiële
prosesserings metodes met aanvaarbare resultate. Eksterne
faktore wat die inmaakkwaliteit beïnvloed soos die water
kwaliteit is ook ondersoek. Die mikro-inmaakmetode is dus
gebruik om die effek van die genotipe en omgewings interaksies
wat die inmaak kwaliteit betekenisvol beïnvloed te ondersoek. Die doel van hierdie studie was om:
~ Genetiese materiaal te evalueer vir die gebruik in die
teelprogram as ouers.
e Inmaakkwali teits eienskappe van die bone te ondersoek om
sodoende te verseker dat net die belangrikste eienskappe
geëvalueer word en om vas te stel wat is
interverwantskappe.
die • Genetiese, omgewings en die genetiese en omgewings
interaksies wat die inmaakkwaliteit beïnvloed te bepaal.
• Om te bepaal wat is die interverwantskappe tussen die
inmaakkwaliteit en die chemiese komponente.
• Om die tendense en verwantskappe tussen standaard- en
keurgraad cultivars sowel as die onaanvaarbare cultivars te
bepaal.
• 'n Ondersoek na die stabiliteit van lokaliteite van siesoen tot seisoen asook die groeperinge van verskillende omgewings
en seisoene te bepaal.
Klein wit inmaakbone, carioca en geel haricot bone is gebruik
om variëteit se inmaakkwaliteit te bepaal maar as gevolg van
'n swak inmaakkwaliteit van die gekleurde bone is besluit dat
verdere ondersoeke slegs op die wit bone gedoen sal word.
As 'n resultaat van die navorsing van verskillende eienskappe
is slegs die saadgrootte, waterabsorpsie gedurende week en
die tekstuur en 'n subjektiewe visuele voorkoms
evaluering gebruik vir die bepaling van inmaakkwaliteit.
Hierdie eienskappe is verwant aan mekaar maar daar is nie een
parameter wat die variasie in inmaakkwlai tei t kan definieer
nie. Kanoniese korrelasie analise is gebruik om vas te stel
tot watter mate die chemiese komponente verantwoordelik was
vir die verskille inmaakkwaliteit en hierdie resultate het aangedui dat kaluim en kalsuim die water absorpsie en
tekstuur, repektiewelik, beïnvloed.
Kanoniese veranderlike analise is gebruik om die verskille
tussen onaanvaarbare, standaard en keurgraad cultivars te
ondersoek. 'n Model is bereken sodat onafhanklike koordi na t e
bereken kan word om sodoende die cultivar as keurgraad,
standaardgraad of onaanvaarbaar te klassifiseer.
Betekenisvolle interaksies tussen genotipe, omgewings en jaar effekte vir inmaakkwaliteits eieskappe het getoon dat cultivar
reaksies op veranderinge in die omgewings en seisoene verskil.
Omgewingseffekte veroorsaak onstabiliteit in
inmaakkwalitet aangesien uitdrukking van sekere genetiese
eienskappe baie beïnvloed word deur die genetiese en omgewings
interaksies.
Resultate van hierdie studie dui dus daarop dat die verskille tussen die inmaakkwaliteit van die cultivars 'n komplekse
interaksie is van die chemiese en strukturele samestelling wat
genetiese bepaal word, maar deur die omgewing beïnvloed word,
sowel as veranderinge wat gedurende prosessering voorkom. Die
AMMI model ("Addi tive Main Effects and Multiplicative
Interaction") het hoofsaaklik getoon dat KwaZulu-Natal apart
groepeer met 'n deurgaans swak kwali tei t. Die res van Suid-
Afrika se lokaliteite groepeer saam. Lokaliteite vir 'n spesifieke
eienskappe.
seisoen kan ook saam groepeer vir sekere
Vanuit hierdie studie kan dus aanbeveel word dat:
• Die teelprogram se materiaal vir meer as een seisoen
getoets moet word om die goeie en stabiële cul tivars te
verkry.
o Die illiuaakkwaliteit evaluerings vir die KwaZulu-Natal
gebied uitgelaat moet word om sodoende genetiese vordering
te versnel.
o Die interaksies wat die inmaakkwaliteit beïnvloed moet tot
voordeel van die teelprogram gebruik word deur cultivars te
kry wat vir spesifieke homogene areas aangepas is.
o Ten einde die omgewingsinteraksies uit te skakel kan sekere
homoge~e areas in Suid-Afrika gekies word vir die produksie
van kleinsadige wit cuitivar spesifiek vir die gebruik as
inmaak bone om sodoende te verseker dat die prosesserders
altyd g·:)eiekwali tei t inmaakbone tot hulle beskikking het
en die produsente goeie pryse ontvang vir hulle produkte.