Marais, KobusMuhleisen, SusanneHala-Hala, Mokhoele Aaron2022-09-302022-09-302021http://hdl.handle.net/11660/11924Thesis (Ph.D.(Linguistics and Language Practice))--University of the Free State, 2021𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒉 This study set out to investigate Sociolinguistics of Lesotho English in the Kingdom of Lesotho. Mainly premised on the principles of the qualitative research design and methodology, this study adopted the narrative interviews, rapid and anonymous observations as well as documentary sources for data collection in answer to the research questions. The research questions which this study set out to answer for achieving the research objectives are as follows: Is there any emerging variety worthy of the name Lesotho English (LesE) amongst the Basotho in Lesotho? If any, to what extent is such a variety critical in defining LesE at the levels of phonology, morphosyntax and lexicon? and How does LesE differ from Sub-Saharan Southern African Englishes, particularly Black South African English (BSAE) and/or other World Englishes? With the above questions, the study has, therefore, made general observations of linguisticvariations at the levels of phonology, morphosyntax and lexicon of LesE from both the oral and written data sets for this study. In particular, using the above-mentioned instruments for collecting oral and written data from the target participants, the study has found systematic salient phonological variations from English which I assume to be BrE. The findings include recurrent spelling pronunciations, syllable-timing, aspiration, missing contrastive stress and syllabic consonants, diphthongal and neutralised vowel sound patterns as well as substitution of interdental fricatives across the oral data on LesE in the context of Lesotho. Further, the morphosyntactic variants discovered from the data comprise the progressive aspect and levelling of the preterite and perfect aspect, the modal system, grammatical and notional concord, relativisation, pronominal appositions, the article system and prepositional usages. Qualitative evidence has thus revealed systematic morphosyntactic variants from the oral and written data for this study, thus highlighting features, possibly unique to LesE and/or comparable to other outer-circle, and, to some extent, inner-circle varieties of English. Similarly, at the lexical level, LesE has been found to bear systematically salient lexical and orthographic variants, coupled with alternative spellings, heteronyms and dehyphenated compound words and sporadic variants of semantic extension. It is, therefore, concluded, in this study, that sociolinguistics of LesE in the Kingdom of Lesotho could be seen as bearing nativised, endonormative and exonormative variations of English, making LesE a comparably emerging English variety to other outer-circle and inner-circle Englishes. ___________________________________________________________________𝑨𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒌𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒔 Hierdie studie het ten doel om die Sosiolinguistiek van Lesotho-Engels in die Koninkryk van Lesotho te ondersoek. Hoofsaaklik gegrond op die beginsels van die kwalitatiewe navorsingsontwerp en -metodologie, het hierdie studie die narratiewe onderhoude, vinnige en anonieme waarnemings sowel as dokumentêre bronne vir data-insameling in antwoord op die navorsingsvrae aanvaar. Die navorsingsvrae wat hierdie studie beoog om te beantwoord vir die bereiking van die navorsingsdoelwitte, is as volg: Is daar enige opkomende weergawe wat die naam Lesotho-English (LesE) waardig is onder die Basotho's in Lesotho? Indien enige, tot watter mate is so 'n weergawe krities in die definisie van LesE op die vlakke van fonologie, morfosintaksis en leksikon? En hoe verskil LesE van Suider-Afrikaanse Engels suid van die Sahara, veral Swart Suid-Afrikaanse Engels (SSAE) en/of ander Wêreld-Engels? Met bogenoemde vrae het die studie dus algemene waarnemings gemaak van linguistiese variasies op die vlakke van fonologie, morfosintaksis en leksikon van LesE uit die mondelinge en geskrewe datastelle vir hierdie studie. In die besonder, deur die gebruik van bogenoemde instrumente vir die insameling van mondelinge en skriftelike data van die teikendeelnemers, het die studie sistematiese opvallende fonologiese variasies van Engels gevind, wat ek aanvaar BrE is. Die bevindinge sluit in herhalende spellinguitsprake, lettergreep-tydsberekening, aspirasie, ontbrekende kontrastiewe spanning en lettergreepkonsonante, diftongale en geneutraliseerde vokaalklankpatrone sowel as vervanging van interdentale frikatiewe oor die mondelinge data oor LesE in die konteks van Lesotho. Verder, die morfosintaktiese variante wat uit die data ontdek is, behels die progressiewe aspek en nivellering van die preteritum en volmaakte aspek, die modale sisteem, grammatikale en nosionele konkord, relativering, pronominale apposisies, die lidwoordsisteem en voorsetselgebruike. Kwalitatiewe bewyse het dus sistematiese morfosintaktiese variante van die mondelinge en geskrewe data vir hierdie studie aan die lig gebring, en sodoende kenmerke uitgelig, moontlik uniek aan LesE en/of vergelykbaar met ander buite-sirkel, en, tot 'n mate, binne-sirkel weergawes van Engels. Net so, op die leksikale vlak, is gevind dat LesE sistematies opvallende leksikale en ortografiese variante dra, tesame met alternatiewe spellings, heteronieme en ontkoppelde saamgestelde woorde en sporadiese variante van semantiese uitbreiding. Daar word dus in hierdie studie tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die sosiolinguistiek van LesE in die Koninkryk van Lesotho gesien kan word as 'n plaaslike, endonormatiewe en eksonormatiewe variasie van Engels, wat LesE 'n vergelykbaar opkomende Engelse weergawe maak met ander buite-sirkel en binne- sirkel weergawes van Engels. ___________________________________________________________________𝑺𝒆𝑺𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒐 Diphuputso tsena di tla batlisisa thuto ya puo ya English ka hara setjhaba sa Lesotho. Mme boithuto bo tla tsepamisa maikutlo hodima boithutotlhalosi le mekgwa ya dipotso tse dumellanang le bopheti kgafetsa, hape bo sebedisa ho shebella ho ikgakantseng hape le ho sebedisa ditokomane e le mokgwa wa ho bokella ditaba tsa phuputso ho tla arabela dipotso tsa diphuputso. Dipotso tse hlophisitsweng ho tla arabelwa ke diphuputso tsena e le ho fihlela sepheo sa tsona ke tse latelang: Na ho na le tse hlahellang tsa bohlokwa tseo ho ka thweng ke English ya Lesotho ka hara setjhaba sa Lesotho? Haeba se le teng, ebe ekaba ke ho isa hokae, haholoholo se buuwang ke batho ba batsho ha kae hoo ho ka thweng ehlile se hlalosa English ya Lesotho (LesE) maeng a thutamedumo, thutamabopi ka hara dipolelo le mabitso? Hape English ya Lesotho (LesE) e ka utlwisiswa ho atamela English ya Sahara, haholoholo e buuwang ke batho ba batsho Afrika Borwa kapa English ya lefatshe? Ka dipotso tse hlano tsa boithuto bona, boithuto bo entse tlhahlobo e akaretsang ka mefuta ya sebopeho sa puo maemong a thutomedumo, mabopi ka hara polelo le mabitso a English ya Lesotho (LesE) bo ipapisitse le puo e buuwang le e ngotsweng ho batalletse boithuto bona mabala. Haholoholo ka tshebediso ya disebediswa tsa diphuputso tse boletsweng ka hodimo ho bokella ditaba ho batho ba bileng le seabo, mme boithuto bo fumane mabopi a fapaneng ho tswa puong ya English ao ke nahanang hore ke BrE. Ditshibollo di fumane hore mongolo, mokgwa wa pitso ya mantswe, dinokonako, manko, bosiyo ba ho hatella / ho toboketsa, le dinokopedi, didumi tse sa utlwahaleng, le didumi tse medumo ya tsona e hlapollotsweng le e kentsweng sebakeng sa mamomaino ka hara ditaba tse buuwang ho English ya Lesotho ka hara Basotho. Ho feta moo, mabopi a polelo a fapakaneng a sibollotswe ka hara ditaba a kenyelletsa nako, le se nepahetseng sa mokgwa, sebopeho sa puo le ditumela, marui, dihanani tse hlahelletseng, mahlalosi a sebaka le tshebediso ya mahlalosi a sebaka. Nnetefatso ya lehlalosi e nnetefaditse tatellano ya mabopi a polelo a fapaneng ho tswa ho puo e buuwang le puo e ngotsweng bakeng sa boithuto bona, mme ditjhabisa dibopeho, mohlomong tse ikgethang tsa Englishya Lesotho kapa tse ka bapiswang le tse ding tse ka thoko le dibopeho tsa English ya mefuta e meng e ka hare. Ka mokgwa o tshwanang, boemong ba mantswe, English ya Lesotho, e fumanehile e ena le tatellano ya mantswe a thotseng le mongolo o fapaneng o matahaneng le mengolo e mmalwa, e tshwanang le e se nang sehalo tsa mantswe a kopantsweng le tse sa hlahelleng hangata, tsa meelelo e ekeditsweng. Ka hona, ha ho le jwalo, qeto ke hore, boithutong bona, thutapuo ka hara setjhaba ya English ya Lesotho, e ka shejwa e fupere mahalapa ho etswa puo ya lehae, mme hwa ipapiswa le ho amohelwa e le mofuta wa English ya Lesotho e le hore na se buuwa jwang Lesotho e se hore na moo se hlahang teng se buuwa jwang; tse etsang English ya Lesotho e ka bapiswang le English e hlahang e le mofuta o mong o ka ntle ho sedikadikwe le e ka hara sedikadikwe sa dipuo tsa English. ___________________________________________________________________𝑰𝒔𝒊𝒁𝒖𝒍𝒖 Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuphenya ngokusetshenziswa kolimi lwesiNgisi emphakathini waseLesotho ebukhosini baseLesotho. Ngokusekelwe kakhulu ezimisweni zomklamo wocwaningo lwekhwalithethivu kanye nendlela yocwaningo, lolu cwaningo lusebenzise izingxoxo ezilandayo, ukuqaphela okusheshayo nokungaziwa kanye nemibhalo njengemithombo yokuqoqa ulwazi ukuze luphendule imibuzo yocwaningo. Imibuzo lolu cwaningo oluhlose ukuyiphendula ukuze kufezwe izinjongo zocwaningo imi kanje: Ingabe kukhona okusafufusa okufanelekile ukubizwa ngesiNgisi saseLesotho phakathi kwaBasuthu eLesotho? Uma kukhona, kubaluleke kangakanani ekuchazeni isiNgisi saseLesotho emazingeni efonoloji, imofosintekthiki kanye nolwazi lwamagama? futhi isiNgisi saseLesotho sihluke kanjani eziNgisini zaseNingizimu Afrikha, ikakhulukazi isiNgisi sabantu Abamnyama baseNingizimu Afrikha kanye/noma esinye isiNgisi emhlabeni wonke? Ngale mibuzo engenhla, ucwaningo lubheke ngokujwayelekile ukuhlukahluka kokusetshenzisa kwezilimi emazingeni efonoloji, imofosintekthiki kanye nolwazi lwamagama esiNgisi saseLesotho kusukela olwazini lomlomo nolubhaliwe. Ikakhulukazi, kusetshenziswa amathuluzi ashiwo ngenhla ukuze kuqoqwe ulwazi lomlomo nolubhaliwe kuba bambiqhaza abaphokophelwe, ucwaningo luthole ukuhlukahluka okuhlelekile kwemisindo ehlukahlukene kusuka esiNgisini engicabanga ukuthi kuyi-BrE. Okutholiwe kuhlanganisa ukuphinyiswa kwesipelingi okuphindaphindiwe, isikhathi sohlamvu, ukuphimisa, ukugcizelela okungafaniyo nongwaqa bamagama, amaphethini onkamisa we-diphthongal kanye namaphethini emisindo yonkamisa abaphinyiswa ngokufana kanye nokufaka esikhundleni samagama athinta emazinyweni kulo lonke ulwazi lomlomo esiNgisini sase-Lesotho esimweni sase-Lesotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwahlukahlukana kwemofosintekthiki okutholwe olwazini kufaka phakathi ingxenye eqhubekayo kanye nokulinganiswa kwengxenye yangaphambilini nephelele , isistimu ye-modali, ukuvumelana kohlelo lolimi nencazelo yegama, ukuhlobana , iziqalo zezabizwana, isistimu yegama elichazwayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-preposition. Ngakho-ke ubufakazi bekhwalithethivu buveze ukuhlukahluka okuhlelekile kwemofosintekthiki kusukela olwazini lomlomo nolubhaliwe lwalolu cwaningo, ngaleyo ndlela kugqamisa izici, okungenzeka zihluke esiNgisini saseLesotho kanye/noma eziqhathanisekayo nezinye ezinye iziNgisi zamanye amazwe asebenzisa isiNgisi, futhi, nangezinga elithile, izinhlobo zesiNgisi soqobo. Ngokufanayo, ezingeni lamagama, isiNgisi saseLesotho sitholakale sinezinhlobonhlobo zamagama nobhalomagama ngokuhlelekile, okuhambisana nezinye izipelingi, ama-heteronyms namagama ayingxube angafakiwe uphawu lwe-hyphene kanye nokuhlukahluka okungavamile kokwandiswa kwencazelo yegama. Ngakho-ke kulolu cwaningo kuphethwa ngokuthi, ukusetshenziswa kolimi emphakathini okuyisiNgisi saseLesotho eMbusweni waseLesotho kungabonakala kunezinhlobonhlobo zesiNgisi ezinoguquguquko ngenxa yokungabibikho kwabanikazi bolimi, okwenza isiNgisi saseLesotho sibe uhlobo lwesiNgisi olusafufusa ngokuqhathaniswa nezinye iziNgisi kwamanye amazwe. ___________________________________________________________________enLanguage variationVariationist sociolinguisticsWorld EnglishesLesotho EnglishPhonologyMorphosyntaxLexiconLinguistic variableNativisationThesisUniversity of the Free State