Jordaan, A. J.Bahta, Y. T.Ncube, Alice2018-01-262018-01-262017-07http://hdl.handle.net/11660/7732Thesis (Ph.D.(Disaster Management Training and Education Centre for Africa))--University of the Free State, 2017𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒉 The main aim of this study was to explore the socio-economic coping and adaptation mechanisms employed by African migrant women in South Africa. The conceptualisation of the social capital theory and its relationship with the six livelihood capitals drawn from the Sustainable Livelihood Framework and elaborated by the Community Capitals Framework formed the basis of the exploration of the multiple variables that African migrant women employed to devise coping and adaptation mechanisms in South Africa. A paralleled mixed method design was utilised in the study whereby both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection were applied. The multiple stage sampling technique was employed for purposively selecting four out of the nine provinces in South Africa, namely Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal and Western Cape. The ballot selection of the metropolitan cities in the provinces, namely Bloemfontein (Free State), Johannesburg, Pretoria and Ekurhuleni (Gauteng), Durban (KwaZulu-Natal) and Cape Town (Western Cape) followed by the random sample selection of 332 African migrant women from 23 sub-Saharan countries. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data that was done simultaneously with informal observations and interviews. The data included the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the migrant women which were critical in exploring the coping and adaptation mechanisms they employed in South Africa. The migrant women’s initial and long-term survival mechanisms and the type of networks they had in the country were also explored in order to find out how these impacted on their coping and adaptation mechanisms. The livelihood capitals and the various identified livelihood capital factors were also evaluated, correlated, ranked and scored, using multi-attribute contingent ratings, Kendall’s coefficient of concordance and Pearson’s chi-square test to come up with the socio-economic coping mechanisms employed by the migrant women. The study explored the importance of the pre-migration, transition period and post-migration capacities, capabilities and livelihood capitals and factors possessed by migrant women in the host country. The demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the migrant women played a significant role in the coping and adaptation mechanisms employed by migrant women. The human, social, economic, physical, political and cultural capitals were the broad livelihood capitals of coping and adaptation. Being in the productive age group, possessing marriage, economic power, education potential, strong linguistic capabilities, especially English and local languages, residence statuses, entrepreneurial capabilities, and innovative aptitudes, made migrant women cope and adapt in South Africa. Support systems such as family and humanitarian support enabled the migrant women to cope and adapt on arrival in South Africa, and in the long term they utilised their employability prowess and enterprising abilities to adapt in the country. Strong networks and networking capabilities played a major role in their coping strategies. The utilisation of human, physical, cultural, social, economic and political livelihood capitals facilitated their coping and adaptation in South Africa the host country. The study recommended that the South African government needs to have a clear policy on the receipt, treatment and settlement of international migrants, especially African migrants, as reflected by the migrant women. There should be a clear policy that protects the local labour force from foreigners in order to prevent conflict. The documentation of the international migrants needs to be improved to be able to avoid conflict and reduce illegal migrants that are “perceived” to be also causing societal problems among communities. This could be done by introducing the latest technologies that are efficient, such as the biometric systems of identification. Refugees and asylum seekers need to be given the rights enshrined in the Geneva Conventions and, in turn, they also need to take responsibility that goes with the rights afforded them. The South African education system also needs to be aligned more to entrepreneurial skilling of locals so that they can compete with the migrants who do not rely on the state social security systems. Training, education and awareness campaigns need to be rolled out to grassroots level so that they understand the international migration and the benefits it brings to host countries. The government could clarify policies on businesses ownership, especially small businesses by foreigners to avoid conflict. ___________________________________________________________________𝑨𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒌𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒔 Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om die sosio-ekonomiese hanterings- en aanpassingsmeganismes te ondersoek wat deur vrouemigrante uit Afrika in Suid-Afrika gebruik word. Die konseptualisering van die sosialekapitaalteorie en die verhouding daarvan tot die ses lewensbestaanskapitaalvorme van die Volhoubare Lewensbestaansraamwerk, uitgebrei deur die Gemeenskapskapitaalraamwerk, het die basis gevorm van die verkenning van die veelvuldige veranderlikes wat vrouemigrante uit Afrika gebruik het om hanterings- en aanpassingsmeganismes in Suid-Afrika te ontwikkel. ’n Parallelle, gemengdemetode- navorsingsontwerp is in die studie gebruik waarvolgens sowel kwalitatiewe as kwantitatiewe metodes van data-insameling toegepas is. Die multi-stadium steekproeftegniek is doelgerig toegepas om vier uit die nege provinsies in Suid-Afrika uit te kies, naamlik die Vrystaat, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal en die Wes-Kaap. Die keuse van die metropolitaanse stede in die provinsies, naamlik Bloemfontein (Vrystaat), Johannesburg, Pretoria en Ekurhuleni (Gauteng), Durban (KwaZulu-Natal) en Kaapstad (Wes-Kaap), is gevolg deur die ewekansige steekproefkeuse van 332 vrouemigrante uit 23 lande in Afrika, suid van die Sahara. ’n Semigestruktureerde vraelys is gebruik om kwalitatiewe sowel as kwantitatiewe data in te samel wat gelyktydig met informele waarnemings en onderhoude gedoen is. Die data het die demografiese en sosio-ekonomiese kenmerke van die vrouemigrante ingesluit, wat van kritieke belang was om die hanterings- en aanpassingsmeganismes te ondersoek wat hulle in Suid-Afrika gebruik het. Die vrouemigrante se aanvanklike en langtermyn-oorlewingsmeganismes en die tipe netwerke wat hulle in die land gehad het, is ook ondersoek om uit te vind hoe dit hul hanterings- en aanpassingsmeganismes beïnvloed het. Die lewensbestaanskapitaalvorme en die verskillende geïdentifiseerde bestaanskapitaalfaktore is ook geëvalueer, gekorreleer, gerangskik en waardes toegeken met behulp van multi-kenmerk voorwaardelike graderings, Kendall se koëffisiënt van konkordansie en Pearson se chi-kwadraattoets om vorendag te kom met die sosio-ekonomiese hanteringsmeganismes wat deur die vrouemigrante gebruik word. Die studie het die belangrikheid ondersoek van die voor-migrasie-, oorgangstydperk- en na-migrasie-kapasiteit, -vermoëns en lewensbestaanskapitaalvorme en faktore waaroor vrouemigrante in die gasheerland beskik. Die demografiese en sosio-ekonomiese kenmerke van die vrouemigrante het 'n belangrike rol gespeel in die hanterings- en aanpassingsmeganismes wat deur vrouemigrante gebruik is. Die menslike, sosiale, ekonomiese, fisiese, politieke en kulturele kapitaal was die breë lewensbestaankapitaal van hantering en aanpassing. Vrouemigrante in die produktiewe ouderdomsgroep, getroud, ekonomies bemagtig, met opvoedingspotensiaal, sterk taalvermoëns, veral Engels en plaaslike tale, verblyfstatus, entrepreneursvermoëns en innoverende aanleg is daardeur gehelp om in Suid-Afrika te oorleef en aan te pas. Ondersteuningstelsels soos familie- en humanitêre ondersteuning het die vrouemigrante in staat gestel om ná hul aankoms in Suid-Afrika die verandering te hanteer en daarby aan te pas, en op die lang termyn het hulle hul indiensneembaarheid en ondernemende vermoëns gebruik om in die land aan te pas. Sterk netwerke en netwerkvermoëns het 'n groot rol gespeel in hul oorlewingstrategieë. Die benutting van menslike, fisiese, kulturele, sosiale, ekonomiese en politieke lewensbestaanskapitaal het hul hantering en aanpassing in Suid-Afrika, die gasheerland, vergemaklik. Die studie het aanbeveel dat die Suid-Afrikaanse regering 'n duidelike beleid moet hê oor die ontvangs, behandeling en vestiging van internasionale migrante, veral Afrika-migrante, soos weerspieël deur die vrouemigrante. Daar moet 'n duidelike beleid wees wat die plaaslike arbeidsmag teen buitelanders beskerm om konflik te voorkom. Die dokumentasie van die internasionale migrante moet verbeter word om konflik te kan vermy en onwettige migrante te verminder wat "waargeneem" word dat hulle ook maatskaplike probleme onder gemeenskappe veroorsaak. Dit kan gedoen word deur die nuutste tegnologieë bekend te stel wat doeltreffend is, soos die biometriese identifikasiestelsels. Vlugtelinge en asielsoekers moet die regte kry wat in die Geneefse Konvensies vervat is, en op hulle beurt, moet hulle ook verantwoordelikheid neem wat gepaard gaan met die regte wat aan hulle verleen word. Die Suid-Afrikaanse onderwysstelsel moet ook meer in lyn gebring word met entrepreneursvaardigheid van plaaslike inwoners sodat hulle kan meeding met die migrante wat nie op die staat se maatskaplike sekerheidstelsels staatmaak nie. Opleidings-, opvoedings- en bewusmakingsveldtogte moet op voetsoolvlak uitgerol word sodat hulle die internasionale migrasie en die voordele wat dit vir gasheerlande inhou, verstaan. Die regering kan beleid oor die eienaarskap van ondernemings uitklaar, veral klein ondernemings deur buitelanders, om konflik te vermy. ___________________________________________________________________𝑺𝒆𝑺𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒐 Sepheo se seholo sa diphuputso tsena e bile ho sibolla mekgwa ya ho kgema le moruo wa setjhaba esita le ho tlwaela maemo jwalokaha di sebediswa ke basadi ba Maafrika ba falletseng mona Afrika Borwa. Mohopolo wa teori ya bokapitale ba setjhaba le kamano ya bona le dikapitale tse ding tse tsheletseng tsa bophelo tse qotsitsweng ho Moralo o Tshwarellang wa Bophelo mme tsa hlaloswa ka botlalo ke Moralo wa Dikapitale tsa Setjhaba di entse motheo wa tshibollo ya mefuta e fapaneng ya boitlwaetso eo basadi ba bafalli ba e sebedisitseng ho theha mekgwa ya ho kgema le boitlwaetso ba bona mona Afrika Borwa. Ho sebedisitswe mokgwa wa diphuputso tse tsamaelanang e leng moo mekgwa ya ho hlalosa le ya ho bontsha bongata mabapi le pokello ya dintlha tsa diphuputso e sebedisitsweng. Mokgwa wa ho tadima disampole tse ngata o sebedisitswe e le ho kgetha ka sepheo diprovense tse nne ho tse robong mona Afrika Borwa, e leng Freistata, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal le Kapa Bophirimela. Kgetho ya pampitshana ya dikgetho ya metsemeholo ya metro ka hara diprovense, e leng Bloemfontein (Freistata), Johannesburg, Pretoria le Ekurhuleni (Gauteng), Durban (KwaZulu-Natal) le Cape Town (Kapa Bophirimela) di latelwa ke kgetho ka lotho ya kgetho ya basadi ba Maafrika ba bafalli ba 332 ba tswang dinaheng tse 23 tse ka tlase ho Sahara. Lenane la dipotso le ile la sebediswa ho bokella dintlha tsa ditlhaloso le tsa theho ya bongata tse ileng tsa etswa ka nako e le nngwe le ditekolo tsa tse sa hlophiswang ka sepheo esita le dipuisano. Dintlha tsena tsa diphuputso di kenyeleditse tsa tikoloho le moruo wa setjhaba tsa basadi bana ba bafalli tseo e bileng tsa bohlokwa bakeng sa ho sibolla ho kgema le ho itlwaetsa maemo ao ba a sebedisitseng mona Afrika Borwa. Mekgwa ya pele le ya nako e telele ya basadi bana ba bafalli ya boitshireletso esita le mekgwa ya dikamano eo ba bileng le yona ka hara naha le yona e ile ya hlahlojwa e le ho fumana kamoo e ileng ya tshwaetsa kamoo basadi ba ileng ba itlwaetsa le ho kgema le maemo ka teng. Dikapitale tsa bophelo esita le dintlha tse fapaneng tsa bophelo di ile tsa lekanywa, tsa bapiswa, tsa behwa ka tatelano le ho fuwa matshwao ka ho sebedisa ditekanyetso tse akaretsang bongata, Kendall’s coefficient of concordance le Pearson’s chi-square test ho hlahisa mekgwa ya ho kgema le bophelo le moruo wa setjhaba e sebedisitsweng ke basadi bao e leng bafalli naheng ena eo ba amohetsweng ho yona. Diphuputso tsena di sibolotse bohlokwa ba pele ho bokgoni pele ho phallo, nako ya diphetoho le nako ya kamorao ho diphetoho, bokgoni le bokapitale ba bophelo esita le dintlha tseo basadi ba bafalli ba nang le tsona naheng ena ya bafalli ya kamohelo ya bona. Makgabane a tikoloho le moruo wa setjhaba a basadi bana ba bafalli a bile le seabo se seholo bakeng sa ho kgema le ho tlwaela jwalokaha a sebedisitswe ke basadi bana ba bafalli. Makgabane a botho, a setjhaba, moruo, mmele, sepolotiki le moetlo e bile makgabane a batsi a bophelo a ho kgema le ho itlwaetsa. Ho ba sehlopheng sa dilemo tsa tlhahiso, ho nyalwa, ho ba le matla a moruo, bokgoni ba thuto, bokgoni ba puo e matla, haholoholo puo ya English le dipuo tsa lehae, maemo a bodulo, bokgoni ba ho hweba, boitshimollelo le boiqapelo, di entse hore basadi ba bafalli ba kgone ho kgema le ho tlwaela maemo mona Afrika Borwa. Ditshebetso tsa tshehetso tse kang lelapa le tshehetso tsa batho ka botho di thusitse basadi ba bafalli ho kgema le ho tlwaela ha ba fihla mona Afrika Borwa, mme ka nako e telele ba sebedisitse bokgoni ba bona ba ho ka hirwa esita le ho ka hweba ho tlwaela mona ka hare ho naha. Dikopano tse matla le bokgoni ba ho kopana le batho di bile le seabo se seholo bakeng sa mekgwa ya ho kgema le boitlwaetso ba sebaka. Tshebediso ya botho ba motho, mmele, moetlo, setjhaba, makgabane a moruo le dipolotiki a matlafaditse bokgoni ba ho kgema le ho tlwaela mona Afrika Borwa e leng naha ya kamohelo. Diphuputso tsena di kgothaleditse hore mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o lokela ho ba le leano le hlakileng la kamohelo, tshwaro le bodulo ba bafalli ba matjhaba, haholoholo bafalli ba Maafrika, jwalokaha ho totobaditswe ke basadi ba bafalli. Ho lokela ho be le leano le hlakileng le sireletsang basebetsi ba lehae kgahlano le melata e le ho thibela dikgohlano. Ditokomane tsa bafalli ba matjhaba di lokela ho ntlafatswa e le ho qoba dikgohlano le ho fokotsa bafalli ba seng molaong ba nahanelwang hore ke bona ba bakang moferefere wa mathata a setjhaba mona metseng. Hona ho ka etswa ka ho sebedisa mokgwa o motjha wa theknoloji o tshwanelehang jwaloka tshebetso ya boitsebiso ya bayometriki. Babatli ba tjako le baphaphathehi ba lokela ho fuwa ditokelo tse kenyeleditsweng ho Geneva Conventions mme kgabareng le bona ba lokela ho jara boikarabelo bo tsamaelanang le ditokelo tseo ba di filweng. Tshebetso ya thuto ya Afrika Borwa le yona e lokela ho kenyeletsa haholwanyane tsebo ya ho etsa kgwebo ha baahi ba lehae e le hore ba tsebe ho ka hlodisana le bafalli ba sa tshepang tshebetso ya tshireletso ya mmuso. Matsholo a tlhokomediso a thuto, le kwetliso esita le tlhokomediso, a lokela ho ba teng bakeng sa batho ba tlase e le hore ba utlwisise bafalli ba matjhaba le menyetla eo ba e tlisang ho dinaha tsa kamohelo. Mmuso o ka hlalosa maano a borui kgwebong, haholoholo dikgwebo tse nyenyane ho melata e le ho qoba dikgohlano. ___________________________________________________________________𝑰𝒔𝒊𝒁𝒖𝒍𝒖 Inhloso enkulu yalolu cwaningo bekuwukuhlola izindlela zokubhekana nesimo senhlalo-mnotho kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezisetshenziswa abesifazane bokufika base-Afrikha eNingizimu Afrikha. Ukucatshangelwa kwenjulalwazi ye-social capital kanye nobudlelwano bayo nezinsizakusebenza eziyisithupha zokuziphilisa ezithathwe oHlakeni Lwezimpilo Eziqhubekayo futhi kwacaciswa yi-Community Capitals Framework kwakha isisekelo sokuhlola okuguquguqukayo okusetshenziswe abesifazane bokufika base-Afrikha ukuze basungule izindlela zokubhekana nezimo eNingizimu Afrikha. Umklamo wendlela exubile ehambisanayo wasetshenziswa ocwaningweni lapho kwasetshenziswa khona zombili izindlela zokuqoqwa kwedatha zekhwalithi nenani. Indlela yokwenza amasampula esiteji amaningi yasetshenziswa ukuze kukhethwe izifundazwe ezine kweziyisishiyagalolunye eNingizimu Afrikha, okuyiFree State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal kanye neWestern Cape. Ukukhethwa kokuvota kwamadolobha amakhulu ezifundazweni, okuyiBloemfontein (eFreyistata), eGoli, ePitoli kanye nase-Ekurhuleni (Gauteng), eThekwini (KwaZulu-Natal) kanye neKapa (eNtshonalanga Kapa) kulandelwa isampula yokukhethwa okungahleliwe kwabasuka kwamanye amazwe abangama-332 base-Afrikha abesifazane abavela emazweni angama-23 angaphansi kweSahara. Uhlu lwemibuzo olwakhiwe kancane lusetshenziselwe ukuqoqa kokubili idatha yekhwalithi neyobuningi eyenziwe kanyekanye nokubhekwa okungakahleleki kanye nezingxoxo. Imininingwane yayihlanganisa izici zezibalo zabantu kanye nenhlalo-mnotho yabesifazane bokufika okwakubalulekile ekuhloleni izindlela zokubhekana nezimo ababezisebenzisa eNingizimu Afrikha. Izindlela zokusinda zabesifazane abafudukayo zokuqala nezesikhathi eside kanye nohlobo lwamanethiwekhi ababenawo ezweni nazo zacutshungulwa ukuze kutholwe ukuthi lokhu kube nomthelela kanjani ezindleleni zabo zokubhekana nezimo. Izimali zokuziphilisa kanye nezinto ezihlukahlukene zokuziphilisa ezihlonziwe nazo zahlolwa, zahlotshaniswa, zahlelwa futhi zanikezwa amaphuzu, kusetshenziswa izilinganiso ezinezimfanelo eziningi ezincikene, i-coefficient ka-Kendall ye-concordance kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-chi-square ka-Pearson ukuze kuqhamuke nezindlela zokubhekana nenhlalo-mnotho ezisetshenziswa abesifazane abafudukayo. Ucwaningo luhlole ukubaluleka kokufuduka kwangaphambi kokufuduka, isikhathi soshintsho kanye nekhono langemva kokufuduka, amakhono kanye nezimali zokuphila kanye nezici abesifazane abafudukayo abanazo ezweni elisingathwayo. Izici zezibalo kanye nenhlalo-mnotho yabesifazane abafudukayo babambe iqhaza elikhulu ezindleleni zokubhekana nezimo ezisetshenziswa abesifazane bokufika. Isiqonga sabantu, sezenhlalakahle, sezomnotho, songokomzimba, sezombusazwe kanye namasiko kwakuyizinhloko ezibanzi zokuziphilisa zokubhekana nezimo. Ukuba seqenjini leminyaka ekhiqizayo, ukuba nomshado, amandla ezomnotho, amandla emfundo, amakhono aqinile olimi, ikakhulukazi isiNgisi nezilimi zasendaweni, isimo sendawo yokuhlala, amakhono osomabhizinisi, nekhono lokusungula izinto ezintsha, kwenza abesifazane bokufika bakwazi ukubhekana nokujwayela eNingizimu Afrikha. Izinhlelo zokusekela ezifana nokwesekwa komndeni kanye nokusiza abantu zenze ukuthi abesifazane abafudukayo bakwazi ukubhekana nokujwayela nokufika eNingizimu Afrikha, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi basebenzisa amandla abo okuqashwa kanye namakhono okuhweba ukuze bazijwayeze ezweni. Amanethiwekhi aqinile namandla okuxhumana adlale indima enkulu kumasu abo okubhekana nesimo. Ukusetshenziswa kwemizila yokuziphilisa yabantu, ngokomzimba, amasiko, ezenhlalakahle, ezomnotho kanye nezombusazwe kwenze kwaba lula ukubhekana nazo kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo eNingizimu Afrikha. Ucwaningo luphakamise ukuthi uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrikha udinga ukuba nenqubomgomo ecacile mayelana nokwamukela, ukwelashwa kanye nokuhlaliswa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi abokufika base-Afrikha, njengoba kubonakala kwabesifazane bokufika. Kufanele kube nenqubomgomo ecacile evikela abasebenzi bakuleli kwabakwamanye amazwe ukuze kugwenywe ukungqubuzana. Amadokhumenti abafuduki bamazwe ngamazwe adinga ukuthuthukiswa ukuze akwazi ukugwema ukungqubuzana nokunciphisa abafuduki abangekho emthethweni "okucatshangwa ukuthi" nabo babangela izinkinga zomphakathi phakathi kwemiphakathi. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokwethula ubuchwepheshe bakamuva obusebenza kahle, njengezinhlelo zokuhlonza zebhayomethrikhi. Ababaleki kanye nabafuna ukukhoseliswa badinga ukunikwa amalungelo aqukethwe kwi-Geneva Conventions futhi, ngokulandelayo, badinga ukuzibophezela okuhambisana namalungelo abawanikezwayo. Uhlelo lwezemfundo lwaseNingizimu Afrikha nalo ludinga ukuhambisana kakhulu namakhono amabhizinisi abantu bendawo ukuze bakwazi ukuncintisana nabafuduki abangathembele ezinhlelweni zikahulumeni zokuphepha komphakathi. Imikhankaso yokuqeqesha, imfundo kanye nokuqwashisa kufanele idluliselwe emazingeni aphansi ukuze baqonde ukufuduka kwamanye amazwe kanye nezinzuzo okuzilethayo emazweni abamba iqhaza. Uhulumeni angacacisa imigomo mayelana nobunikazi bamabhizinisi, ikakhulukazi amabhizinisi amancane ngabakwamanye amazwe ukugwema ukungqubuzana. ___________________________________________________________________enInternational migrationLivelihood capitalsMigrant womenSocio-economic coping and adaptationSub-Saharan AfricaSouth AfricaWomen immigrants -- South AfricaThesisUniversity of the Free State