De Milander, M.Coetzee, F. F.Buys, Aletta Margaretha2015-10-282015-10-282014-01-312015-08-072014-01-31http://hdl.handle.net/11660/1460English: Background: One of the challenges associated with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is finding the appropriate method of identifying motor difficulties. Motor proficiency tests are used to identify children with motor difficulties; however, it seems that questionnaire-based assessments may be more practical for screening purposes. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children Checklist (MABC-Checklist) has been used as a screening tool to identify motor difficulties in children especially when completed by parents and teachers. Although parents and teachers can identify children with motor difficulties using screening tools, it is still not clear which screening test is the best to use. The original MABC-Checklist (1992) was revised in 2007 and research available on the revised edition (MABC-Checklist-2) is limited indicating that more studies on the MABC-Checklist-2 when completed by parents and teachers are needed. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the agreement between identifying motor difficulties with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children second edition Performance Test (MABC-2) and the identifying of motor difficulties with the MABC-Checklist-2 when completed by (i) their parents as well as (ii) their teachers. Methods: This study was done using sampling data and a quantitative research method (i.e. questionnaire). Three-hundred and twenty three learners in Grade 1 between the ages of 5 and 8 years participated in this study. The study consists of n=140 boys (43%) and n=183 girls (57%) of various ethnic groups, which consisted of n=193 Caucasian (59.75%, 6.5 years, SD=0.55), n=120 Black (37.15%, 6.2 years, SD=0.4), n=9 Mixed race (2.79%, 6.4 years, SD=0.5) and n=1 Hispanic (0.31%). A total of three hundred and twenty three parents (n=323) and twenty three teachers (n=23) also took part in the study. The MABC-2 Performance Test was used to determine motor difficulties and DCD in the children. The MABC-Checklist-2 was used by the parents and teachers to identify children with and without motor difficulties. The total test score results of the MABC-2 Performance Test were compared with the total test score results of the MABC-Checklist-2 completed by the parents and teachers. Data from the questionnaires were captured electronically by the researcher on a data form using Microsoft Excel. Further analysis was done by a statistician using SAS Version 9.2. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical data. Medians and percentiles were calculated for numerical data. The measure of agreement with help from the Kappa (k)-coefficient were used to explore the aim. The coefficient is known as the Cohen’s Kappa and it measures inter-judge agreement. Results: The results indicated that out of the 47 children identified with motor difficulties (moderate motor difficulties, n=21, and severe motor difficulties, n=26) by the MABC-2 Performance Test, 15 of these children were also identified with motor difficulties (moderate motor difficulties, n=2; and severe motor difficulties, n=13) by the parent completed MABC-Checklist-2 indicating a sensitivity of 31.9% (15/47). With regard to specificity there were 276 children identified with no motor difficulties with the MABC-2 Performance Test, whereas 197 (71.4%) of these children were also identified without motor difficulties with the MABC-Checklist-2 completed by the parents. Therefore, the specificity between the MABC-2 Performance Test and the parent completed MABC-Checklist-2 was 71.4% (197/276). The (k)-coefficient of 0.143 indicated that only 14.3% agreement between the two assessments were present after correcting for chance and show that the agreement of the two assessments is not high when completed by parents. Results with regard to the teachers indicated that out of the 47 children identified by the MABC-2 Performance Test with motor difficulties (moderate motor difficulties, n=21; and severe motor difficulties, n=24), 16 of these children were also identified with motor difficulties (moderate motor difficulties, n=4; and severe motor difficulties, n=12) by the teacher that completed the MABC-Checklist-2 indicating a sensitivity of 35.6% (16/45). When analysing the specificity there was 276 children identified with no motor difficulties using the MABC-2 Performance Test whereas 193 (72.6%) of these children were also identified with no motor difficulties by the MABC-Checklist-2 completed by teachers. Therefore the specificity between the MABC-2 Performance Test and the teacher completed MABC-Checklist-2 is 72.6% (193/266). The (k)-coefficient of 0.161 reveal that only 16.1% agreement between the two assessments were present after correcting for chance and reveal that the agreement between the two assessments is low when completed by teachers. Conclusion: Several screening tests and questionnaires have been developed to gather information with regard to motor performance of children specifically from parents and teachers. However, studies using parents’ and teachers’ reports as well as the results in this study have produced conflicting results, thus it is still not clear which screening test is the best to use and whether parents and teachers both need to be used to screen a child.Afrikaans: Agtergrond : Een van die uitdagings betrokke by Ontwikkelingkoördinasie ver st e uring ( DCD ) is om die toepaslike metode te vind om motori e se probleme te identifiseer. Motoriese vaardigheidstoe t se word gebruik om kinders met motoriese probleme te identifiseer, maar dit blyk dat vraelysgebaseerde assessering prakties er vir siftingsdoeleindes gebruik kan word. Die “ Movement Assessment Battery for Children Checklist (MABC - Stiplys ) ” is as siftingshulpmiddel gebruik om motoriese probleme by kinders te identifiseer, veral as dit deur ouers en onderwysers voltooi w ord. Alhoewel ouers en onderwysers kinders met motoriese gebreke kan identifiseer deur hierdie siftingshulpmiddele te gebruik, is dit steeds nie duidelik watter siftingstoets die beste is om te gebruik nie. Die oorspronklike “ MABC - Stiplys" (1992) is in 2007 hersien en navorsing wat oor die hersiene uitgawe beskikbaar is , is egter beperk en dui aan dat meer studies oor die “MABC - Stiplys - 2 ” nodig is indien dit deur ouers en onderwysers voltooi word. Doelwitte : Die doel van hierdie studie was tweeledig . Eerstens (i) om te bepaal wat die ooreenkoms tussen die indentifisering van motoriese probleme is deur gebruik te maak van die MABC - 2 U i t v o e r i n g s t o e t s en die MABC - Stiplys - 2 soos deur die ouers voltooi is, en tweedens (ii) om te bepaal wat die ooreenkoms tussen die identi fisering van motoriese probleme is deur gebruik te maak van die MABC - 2 U i t v o e r i n g s t o e t s en die MABC - Stiplys - 2 soos deur die onderwysers voltooi is. Metod e s: Hierdie studie is uitgevoer deur middel van steekproefdata en kwantitatiewe navorsing (d.i. ʼn vraelys). Drie honderd drie en twintig Graad 1 - leerders tussen 5 en 8 jaar oud het aan die studie deelgeneem. Die studie het bestaan uit n=140 seuns (43%) Opsomming ~ viii ~ en n=183 dogters (57%) sowel as ve rskeie etniese groepe wat bestaan het uit n=193 K aukasiërs (59.75% ,6.5 jaar, SD=0.55 ), n=120 S wartes (37.15% , 6.2 jaar, SD=0.4 ), n=9 G emengde ras (2.79% , 6.4 jaar, SD=0.5 ) en n=1 Spaans (0.31%). In totaal het 323 ouers en 23 onderwysers ook aan die studie deelgeneem. Die MABC - 2 U i t v o e r i n g s t o e t s is gebruik om motoriese probleme en DCD by kinders, te identifiseer. Die MABC - Stiplys - 2 is deur die ouers en onderwysers gebruik om kinders met en sonder motoriese probleme te identifiseer. Die tota le toetstellingresultaat van die MABC - 2 U i t v o e r i n g s t o e t s is met die totale toetstellingresultaat van die MABC - Stiplys - 2 , wat deur ouers en onderwysers voltooi is , vergelyk . Data van die vraelys is elektronies deur die navorser deur middel van Microsoft Excel opgeneem . ʼn S tatistikus het die data deur midde l van SAS Version 9.2 verder ge - analiseer. Frekwensies en persentasies is vir kategoriese data bereken. Gemiddeldes en persentasies is vir numeriese data bereken. Die mate van ooreenstemming is met behulp van die Kappa (k) - koëffisiënt gedoen ten einde die doel te ondersoek . Die koëffisiënt staan bekend as Cohen s e Kappa en meet inter - oordeel ooreenkoms te. Result ate : Die resultate het aangedui dat, uit die 47 kinders wat met motoriese probleme ( matige motor i ese probleme, n=21 ; en erge motoriese probleme, n=26) deur die MABC - 2 U i t v o e r i n g s t o e t s geïdentifiseer is, 1 5 van hierdie kinders ook met motoriese probleme ( matige motor ie se probleme , n=2 ; en erge motoriese probleme , n=13) deur die MABC - Stiplys - 2 wat deur die ouer s voltooi is , geïdentifiseer is, wat ʼn sensitiwiteit van 31.9% (15/47) aandui . Met betrekking tot s p esifisiteit was daar 276 kinders wat met geen motoriese probleme deur die MABC - 2 U i t v o e r i n g s t o e t s geïdentifiseer is , terwyl 197 (71.4%) van hierdie kinders ook deur die MABC - Stiplys - 2 wat deur die ouers voltooi is met geen mot oriese probleme geïdentifiseer is. Dus was die spesifisiteit tussen die MABC - 2 U i t v o e r i n g s t o e t s en die MABC - Stiplys - 2 wat deur die ouers voltooi is, 71.4% (197/276). Die (k) - koëffisiënt van 0.143 het aangedui dat slegs 14.3% ooreenkoms tussen die twee assesserings metodes teenwoordig was na regstelling van t oevalligheid en dui aan dat die ooreenkoms van die twee assesserings laag is indien dit deur ouers voltooi word. Opsomming ~ ix ~ Result ate met betrekking tot die onderwysers het aangedui dat uit die 4 7 kinders wat deur die MABC - 2 U i t v o e r i n g s t o e t s met motoriese probleme identifiseer is ( matige motoriese probleme, n=21 ; en erge motoriese probleme , n=26), 16 van hierdie kinders ook met motoriese probleme ( matige motoriese probleme, n=4 en erge motoriese probleme , n=12) deur die MABC - Stiplys - 2 wat deur die onderwyser voltooi is , geïdentifiseer is, wat ʼn sensitiwiteit van 35.6% (16/45) aandui . W anneer die spesifisiteit ge analiseer word , is daar 27 6 kinders met geen motoriese probleme deur die MABC - 2 U i t v o e r i n g s t o e t s geidentifiseer , terwyl 193 (72.6%) van hierdie kinders ook sonder motoriese prob l eme deur die MABC - Stiplys - 2 wat deur die onderwysers voltooi is , geïdentifiseer is . Dus is die spesifisiteit tussen die MABC - 2 U i t v o e r i n g s t o e t s en die MABC - Stiplys - 2 wat deur die onderwyser voltooi word 72.6% (193/266). Die (k) - koëffisiënt van 0.161 dui aan dat daar slegs 16.1% ooreenkoms tussen die twee assesserings metodes is na regstelling van toevalligheid en dui aan dat die ooreenkoms tussen die twee assesserings laag is as dit deur onderwysers voltooi word. Gevolgtrekking : Verskei e siftin gstoetse en vraelyste vir ouers en onderwysers is ontwerp om inligting met betrekking tot motoriese prestasie van kinders in te samel . Maar, studies wat ouers en o nderwysers se verslae gebruik , sowel as die resultate in hierdie studie , het teenstrydige re sultate opgelewer . Dit is dus steeds nie duidelik watter siftingstoets die beste gebruik kan word en of ouers en onderwysers gebruik moet word in die assessering van ʼn kind nie.enDissertation (M.A. (Exercise and Sport Sciences)--University of the Free State, 2014Movement disorders in childrenMovement disorders in children -- Exercise therapyPhysical therapy for childrenMABC-Checklist for childrenDevelopmental coordination disorderMotor difficultiesMABC Performance TestParents and teachersDissertationUniversity of the Free State